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BIOL 121P
Test 3 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | all nerves outside CNS |
| Somatic Nervous System | voluntary movement |
| Autonomic Nervous System | involuntary movement |
| Sensory Pathway | afferent, carries info from body to brain |
| Motor Pathway | efferent, carries info from brain to body |
| Sympathetic | fight or flight |
| Parasympathetic | rest and digest |
| Spinal Reflex | fast, automatic response by spinal cord |
| Cranial Reflex | complex, automatic response from brain |
| Left Hemisphere | language and logic |
| Right Hemisphere | Creativity and Spatial |
| Frontal Lobe | decision making, movement |
| Parietal | touch, spatial awareness |
| Temporal | hearing, memory |
| Occipital | vision |
| Brainstem | responsible for breathing, heart rate |
| Diecephalon | includes thalamus (relay station) and hypothalamus (homestasis) |
| Cerebellum | balance, coordination |
| Corpus Callosum | connects hemispheres |
| Sulci | grooves that increase surface area on brain |
| Lateralization of Function | certain functions are stronger in one hemisphere |
| Broca's Area | speech production |
| Wernicke's Area | language comprehension |
| Dendrites | receive signals |
| Axon | sends signals |
| Na+/K+ Pump | moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in, maintains resting potential |
| Depolarization | Na+ enters |
| Repolarization | K+ leaves |
| Hyperpolarization | extra negative |
| Skeletal Muscle | voluntary |
| Cardiac Muscle | involuntary (heart) |
| Smooth Muscle | involuntary (organs) |
| REM Sleep | dreaming, brain active |
| NREM Sleep | deep sleep, body repairs |
| Thalamus | sensory relay, sleep regulation |
| Pineal Gland | releases melatonin |
| Hormone | chemical messenger in bloodstream |
| Endocrine System | glands that release hormones into bloodstream |
| Endocrine Signal | travels through blood (long distance) |
| Paracrine Signal | diffuses locally and acts on nearby cells |
| Autocrine Signal | affects same cell |
| Neural Signal | neurotransmitter |
| Neuroendocrine Signal | hormones released from neurons |
| Negative Feedback | high hormone levels stops production |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland | makes hormones |
| Growth Hormone | body growth |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | controls thyroid |
| ACTH | controls cortisol |
| LH & FSH | controls reproduction |
| Oxytocin | bonding hormone |
| Antidiuretic Hormone | water balance |
| Alpha Cells | release glucagon, raising blood sugar |
| Beta Cells | release insulin, lowering blood sugar |
| Vision | light detection |
| Hearing | sound waves |
| Taste (Gustation) | chemical is food |
| Smell (Olfaction) | airborne chemicals |
| Touch (Somatosensation) | pressure, pain, temperature |
| Photoreceptors | light (eyes) |
| Mechanoreceptors | pressure, sound, movement |
| Chemoreceptors | taste, smell |
| Thermoreceptors | temperature |
| Nociceptors | pain |
| Modality | type of sense |
| Submodality | details within sense |
| Meissner's Corpuscles | light touch, fast adaptation |
| Pacinian Corpuscles | deep pressure/vibration |
| Merkel Cells | texture, detail |
| Ruffini Endings | skin stretch |
| Cochlea | fluid-filled, detects sound |
| Organ of Corti | hair cells (receptors) |
| Semicircular Canals | detect head movement/balance |
| Cornea | bends light |
| Pupil | controls amount of light |
| lens | focuses light |
| Rods | night vision/black & white |
| Cones | color vision/fine detail |
| Nearsighted (Myopia) | image focuses in front of retina, see close up |
| Farsighted (Hyperopia) | images focuses behind retina, see far away |
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