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Ecology 26
Midterm 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biome | defined by temp & precip; areas with large community of flora/fauna with particular climates. (biotic community) |
| climate envelope | ideal environment: earth is wrapped in an atmospheric envelope that makes the biosphere a hospitable place for life as we know it. |
| soil horizons | O (organic) at top, A (mineral soil), B (depositional water transported materials), C (weathered bedrock- no plant roots) at bottom |
| natural history (precursors to biomes) | Association (vegetation science), Formation, Bio senses, Lifezone (distribution of biota & climate) |
| epilimnion | surface layer of lake |
| thermocline | middle layer of lake where temp declines substantially w/depth (approx. 1 degree C/meter) |
| hypolimnion | bottom layer of lake cold dark waters |
| osmoregulation | internal regulation of salt & water concentrations, by decreasing the osmotic gradient b/t themselves & the external environment |
| phytoplankton | a primary producer of phosphorous cycle using the suns energy. inhabitants of the photic zone that drift with the currents in the open sea. |
| bottom-up control | control or influences of physical and chemical factors on ecosystems, such as temperature and nutrients |
| mutation | random variations in DNA (usually negative) new alleles |
| gene flow | movement of alleles (can be positive) counters drift and can oppose selection |
| genetic drift | change in allele frequencies due to chance or random events. reduces genetic variation in populations over time by increasing the frequency of some alleles & reducing /eliminating that of others |
| fitness | reproductive success (how much better is this offsprings trait than the previous/last generation?) The genetic contribution of individuals to future generations. |
| adaptation | organisms show remarkable adaptation, temp sets limits, humans must act wisely within creation |
| What do adaptations reveal? | constraints and creativity |
| Which plants have important adaptations? | xerophytes, hydrophytes, succulents |
| CAM Photosynthesis: | important because it helps reduce water loss for plants who aren't able to conserve as much water during the day. This process happens both during the day and at night. |
| How does climate shape biomes? | helps determine dominant vegetation & animal life |
| Interpretation of Whittaker biome diagrams | Whittaker: temperature (x-axis) & precipitation (y-axis) determine biome type. |
| What's up with uneven heating? | uneven solar heating drives global air circulation |
| What are precipitation patterns? | rising moist air causes rainfall |
| What is the Coriolis effect? | the Coriolis effect deflects winds, shaping global climate zones. |
| Which soil horizon is made up of organic matter? | O |
| Which soil horizon is made up of topsoil, roots, & nutrients? | A |
| Which soil is made up of subsoil (minerals)? | B |
| Which soil is made up of parent material? | C |
| What are some historical contributions to biome theory? | Biome/biotic community coined by Frederick Clements (1916), Large geographic scales by Shelford &Olson (1935); Vegetation Theory by Clements & Shelford (1939) all helped to predict global ecological patterns |
| What are the physical properties of water? | high heat capacity, cohesion and adhesion, polarity, less dense in ice form, allows aquatic life to survive winter. |
| heat capacity of water | resists temp change |
| density of water | less dense when turned into ice |
| What is thermal stratification | Lakes form warm surface (epilimnion), cold bottom (hypolimnion), and thermocline mid; |
| What are oxygen patterns | oxygen is highest near surface due to photosynthesis and mixing. |
| Lentic system | standing water (lakes/ponds) |
| Lotic system | flowing water (rivers/streams). |
| eutrophication and dead zones | Excess nutrients → algal blooms → oxygen depletion → fish die-offs (often human-caused mismanagement). |
| major aquatic primary producers | phytoplankton, periphyton, macrophytes and seaweed; algae, cyanobacteria, zooxanthellae which are photosynthetic algae on coral. |
| Conceptual explanation of Hardy Weinberg principle | purpose: to detect evolution and compare real populations, only works If no evolution occurs (no mutation, selection, drift, migration), allele frequencies stay constant. |
| Natural Selection | occurs visibly (acts on phenotypes) (positive) is relevant to population and ecological systems. inheritable traits; Not random & is driven by environment; change has order |
| selection vs Drift | context dependent; selection: nonrandom change due to fitness differences.... drift: random change due to chance (strongest in small populations) |
| directional selection | Favors one extreme phenotype in response to environmental change |
| stabilizing selection | Favors intermediate phenotype; extreme traits will have a disadvantage in ecological stability. |
| disruptive selection | Favors both extremes over the middle |
| bottleneck effect | natural disaster; sudden & random. diversity is lower than before and will never go back to being the same. |
| founder effect | small starting population founds the next one (new popul) different alleles than starting one. loss of genetic diversity (genetic drift-change is random; not adaptive) |
| evolution happens at the ________ level | population |
| Synthesis of ethical implications of man made climate effectors | Temp sets limits, organisms show remarkable adaptation, humans must act wisely within creation |
| _____ have specific advantages in specific places. | Alleles |
| Water cycle= | evaporation and rainfall |
| in coral bleaching where does damage occur? | in chloroplasts (in coral the gastrodermis has coral cells and the dinoflagellin inside has chloroplasts) |
| increased light + increased energy = | breaking up of coral cells, they become reactive oxygen molecules and oxidative stress occurs of coral cells |
| symbiont ejection | if the entire coral colony does this = coral bleaching |
| ectotherms | body temp dependent on the environment (reptiles, amphibians, most fish and insects) gain heat from surroundings |
| endotherms | body temp regulated by internal metabolic heat; have constant body temp (mammals and birds) |
| Why does water matter? | essential solvent, medium transport, limits productivity |
| Water potential: | moves from high to low; solute + pressure effects |
| Water stress | drought & flooding |
| what causes drought? | low rainfall, high evaporation, humans overconsumption |
| what causes flooding? | heavy rainfall, storms, sea level rise, humans can cause this too by property damage, disease |
| How can Creation Care be implemented? | using water as God's provision, and we have a stewardship responsibility |
| Synthesis of ethical implications on water relations: | water limits life and adaptations reflect design |
| Bible ref for water relations | Matt 10: 42 "whoever gives even a cup of cold water..." |
| Bible ref for temp relations | Psalm 24:1 "The earth is the Lord's, and everything in it" |
| Bible ref for life in water | Genesis 2:15 (stewardship) |
| *Conservation, environmental justice Bible verse! We are caretakers! | Psalm 24:1 "The earth is the Lord's, and everything in it" |
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