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BIO - Quiz 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What causes a population to exhibit a change in allele frequency from one generation to the next? | Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, natural selectione |
| Mutation | A change in DNA, results in new alleles, or new genetic variation in any population |
| Somatic mutations | Occur in non-reproductive cells so does not matter for evolution |
| Causes of mutations | DNA spontaneously breaks down or is not copied accurately |
| Causes of mutations - external influences | Exposure to specific chemicals, radiation, or infectious disease that cause DNA to break down |
| Gene flow (migration) | Movement of genetic material from one population to another |
| Low rate of gene flow | Corn is wind-pollinated so may be unlikely to fertilize individuals more than 50 feet away |
| High rate of gene flow | Fruit flies released in Death Valley were recaptured almost 15 kilometers away from the site of release |
| Non-random mating | Individuals select partners based on specific traits or characteristics |
| Assortative mating | Preference for similar genotypes or phenotypes |
| Disassortative mating | Preference for different genotypes or phenotypes. |
| Genetic drift | Change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance. |
| Genetic drift example | Earthquakes, fires, or floods |
| Types of genetic drift | Bottleneck effect, founder effect |
| Founder effect | Small group splits off from the main population to found a colony |
| Bottleneck effect | population is severely reduced in size by a natural disaster or event. |
| Natural selection | Organisms with characteristics well suited for their environment tend to survive and reproduce. |
| What is biology? | The study of life |
| Microplastic research | Microplastics found in every ecosystem, food, beverages, and human and animal tissue |
| Inductive reasoning | Uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. Qualitative or quantitative. |
| Deductive reasoning | Uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. Begins with a specific question/problem and a potential solution one can test |
| Inductive examples | I get a headache if I don't drink coffee. Coffee is addictive. I'm addicted to coffee. |
| Deductive examples | All squares have four sides, this shape is a square, therefore this shape has four sides |
| Basic science | Foundational research conducted by scientists to investigate theoretical questions and build scientific knowledge |
| Applied science | Application of scientific knowledge and methods to achieve practical goals |
| Quorum sensing | How bacteria communicate with each other |
| Bacon's inductive method | Expose healthy people to coldness, wetness, or other sick people to see if more people would get sick |
| Independent variable | The factor a researcher intentionally changes |
| Dependent variable | The outcome or response that is measured |
| Scientific method | Question/goal, research, hypothesis, experiment, collect data, conclusion |
| Carolus Linnaeus | Founder of modern taxonomy |
| Taxonomy | Science of discovering, describing, classifying and naming organisms |
| Why is taxonomy important? | Provides common language about organisms which helps with communication and collaboration |
| Taxonomists | Scientists who studies and classifies organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences |
| Methods of species identification | Morphological Characteristics, DNA sequencing, Phylogenetics |
| Morphological characteristics | Characteristics include size, shape, color, and other anatomical features |
| DNA sequencing | Extract DNA from a tissue sample |
| Phylogenetics | Study of evolutionary relationships among organisms |
| Biological diversity | Variety of life on Earth, in all its forms, from genes and bacteria to entire ecosystems such as forests or coral reefs |
| Types of biodiversity | Ecosystem, Species, Genetic |
| Alpha diversity | Within a particular area, community or ecosystem. Measured by counting the number of taxa within the ecosystem. |
| Beta diversity | Between communities or ecosystems; this involves comparing the number of taxa that are unique to each of the ecosystems |
| Gamma diversity | measurement of the overall diversity for different ecosystems within a region |
| Importance of biodiversity | Food security, maintaining soil fertility, genetic diversity |
| Threats to biodiversity | Extinction, pollution, overhunting |
| Common name | Leatherback sea turtle |
| Scientific name | Dermochelys coriacea |
| Hand-written | Dermochelys coriacea |
| Abbreviation | D. coriacea |
| Only genus reported | Dermochelys sp. (spp.=plural) |
| Name of scientist included | Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) |
| What is Evolution? | Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time. |
| Lamarckism | Evolution by Transformation (giraffes) |
| Survival of the fittest (Darwin) | Evolution by Natural Selection |
| Natural Selection | Process in which an organism adapts to its environment through selectively reproducing changes in its genotype |
| First Principal of Natural Selection | Most characteristics of organisms are inherited — passed from parent to offspring |
| Second Principal of Natural Selection | More offspring are produced than are able to survive. Resources are limited |
| Third Principal of Natural Selection | Offspring characteristics vary among each other and those variations are inherited |
| Variation | Differences among individuals in a population |
| Mutation | a change in DNA, results in new alleles, or new genetic variation in any population |
| Sexual reproduction | When two parents reproduce, unique combinations of alleles assemble to produce the unique genotypes and thus phenotypes in each offspring |
| Adaptation | Adjustment of organism’s traits to their environment to improve chances at survival |
| Mimicry | Hammer Orchid (Drakaea glyptodon) mimics a wasp |
| Divergent evolution | When two groups of species used to be similar and related, and become more dissimilar through time |
| Convergent evolution | Distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities |
| What is a phylogenetic tree? | Graphical representation of evolutionary relationships among organisms |
| Vestigial structures | Feature that a species inherited from an ancestor but is now less elaborate and less functional. |
| Homologous structures | Structures derived from the same common ancestor but may not have the same function |
| Embryology | Some homologous structures can only be seen in embryo development |
| Biogeography | Distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time |
| Molecular biology | Study of the formation, structure and function of macromolecules found in living organisms, particularly nucleic acids and proteins |
| scientific hypothesis | A testable explanation for an observable phenomenon |
| Which level of biological classification is the most specific? | Species |
| Natural selection acts on... | Populations over many generations |
| A population of bacteria becomes resistant to an antibiotic after repeated exposure. This is an example of | Natural selection |
| Natural selection | Impacted by environments and favors traits that improve survival and reproduction. |
| Genetic drift | Random and attracted to smaller populations |
| Homologous structures | found on the body that share a common ancestral background but are used for different functions |
| Genetic drift | Changes in allele frequencies due to random events |
| Gene flow | Individuals moving between populations |
| Genetic diversity | the variation among genes within a population. Ex. Skin colors |
| Species diversity | Variety of species within a population. Ex. The Amazon Rainforest contains thousands of plant species, bird species, and mammals. |
| Ecosystem diversity | variety of ecosystems in a region. Ex. Tropical rainforests and deserts |
| eight major levels of biological classification from broadest to most specific | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Artificial selection | Process where humans breed organisms with desirable traits to create offspring with those traits. |
| Sexual selection | Form of natural selection where individuals with certain traits have an advantage in finding mates and reproducing |
| Bateman's principle | Evolutionary theory that states male reproductive success is more variable than female reproductive success in most species |
| Variance in reproductive success | explains which sex is subject to stronger sexual selection. |
| Intersexual selection | one sex chooses a mate from the opposite sex based on certain traits |
| Intrasexual selection | members of the same sex compete for access to mates |
| Anisogamy | Form of sexual reproduction where the fusing gametes (sex cells) are significantly different in size |
| Monogamous | one male with one female |
| Polygynous | one male with multiple females |
| Polyandrous | one female with multiple male |
| Signals for mating: Pheromones | chemicals |
| Signals for mating: Auditory cues | sounds |
| Signals for mating: Visual cues | courtship and aggressive displays |
| Signals for mating: Vibratory | low frequency vibration |
| Sexual selection impact on evolution | Can lead to the evolution of striking and sometimes exaggerated traits that may not be beneficial for survival |
| Fecundity | Potential reproductive capacity of an individual within a population |
| High fecundity | army ants can lay 120,000 eggs every 36 days |
| Low fecundity | pandas can only have 1 cub every 2-3 years |
| Timing of reproduction: early | Less risk of leaving no offspring at all. May negatively affect growth or health |
| Timing of reproduction: late | Greater risk of not surviving to reproductive age. Often have greater fecundity |
| Reproductive frequency: Semelparity | Species reproduces only once during its lifetime and then dies |
| Reproductive frequency: Iteroparity | Species reproduce repeatedly during their lives |
| Population genetics | how selective forces change a population through changes in allele and genotypic frequencies |
| Phenotype | Set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism |
| Phenotypic variation | Amount of variation of a particular trait within a population |
| Gene | Basic physical and functional unit of heredity, passing information from one generation to the next |
| Allele | A variant form of a gene |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup of an organism |
| Genetic variation | Presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species (diversity within a species) |
| Genotype: example | BB, Bb, bb |
| Phenotype: example | Purple, white |
| Gregor Mendel | Demonstrated that traits are transmitted from parents to offspring independently of other traits and in dominant and recessive patterns |
| Trait | a variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic |
| Dominant traits | inherited unchanged in a hybridization |
| Recessive traits | become latent, or disappear, in the offspring of a hybridization. |
| Allele frequency | how frequently a particular allele appears in a population |
| Genotype frequencies | the fraction of individuals with a given genotype |
| Phenotype frequencies | the fraction of individuals with a given phenotype |
| Gene pool | Total set of gene copies for all genes in a population |
| Heritability | estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population |
| Inbreeding depression | Reduced survival and fertility of offspring of related individuals |
| Polymorphism | Occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms |
| Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Equilibrium | Gives scientists a mathematical baseline of a non-evolving population to which they can compare evolving populations and thereby infer what evolutionary forces might be at play |
| Hardy-Weinberg equation | p2+2pq+q2=1 |
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