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ecology exam 2
definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acclimation | physical and physiological changes in response to temperature |
| albedo | light/ darkness |
| boundary layer | layer of air around objects |
| conduction | heat transfer through contact |
| convection | heat transfer through cycling |
| countercurrent heat exchangers | when O2 rich blood is cooled |
| ectotherm | relies on external heat regulation |
| endotherm | relies on internal heat regulation |
| estivation | summer hibernation |
| hibernation | prolonged winter torpor |
| homeotherm | maintain relatively constant internal temperature |
| latent heat of evaporation | amount of thermal energy absorbed by a liquid when converted to a gas |
| microclimate | small scale climate conditions |
| poikiotherm | body temperature varies with environment |
| psychrophile | thrive at low temperatures |
| radiant energy | energy radiated |
| specific heat | amount of energy per unit mass to raise temp one degree C |
| thermal neutral zone | range of temps that the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal doesnt change |
| thermophile | thrives at high temps |
| torpor | continued state of low metabolic rate |
| high albedo | reflect light, stay cooler |
| low albedo | absorb heat, stay warmer |
| diffusion | high to low concentration flow |
| osmosis | high to low, driven by water |
| relative humidity | water content equation |
| vapor pressure deficit | difference between water vapor pressure of the system and the saturation water vapor pressure |
| saturation water vapor pressure | pressure of water vapor in the quantity the air can hold |
| ficks law | organism evaporative water loss equation |
| isosmotic | body fluids and external fluids have the same water concentration |
| hypoosmotic | organism's body fluids have higher water and lower solute concentrations |
| hyperosmotic | organisms body fluids have lower water and higher solute concentrations |
| hydrogen bonding | adaptations that capitalize on physical properties of water |
| adhesion | adherance of water molecules to hydrophillic surfaces |
| cohesion | conjoined water molecules |
| water potential | capacity of water to perform work |
| solute | reduction of water potential due to solutes |
| matric | reduction of water potential due to self cohesion and capillary wall adhesion |
| pressure | reduction in water potential created by pull on water column |
| permanent wilt point | -1.5 Mpa |
| metabolic water | water gained from food |
| osmoregulation | regulating internal solute and water contents |
| isotope | same atomic number but different atomic mass |
| stable isotope | non-decaying isotopes |
| trophic | feeding |
| autotroph | uses inorganic sources as food |
| photosynthetic | CO2 carbon source and sunlight energy |
| chemosynthetic | CO2 carbon source and inorganic molecules for energy |
| heterotroph | use organic molecules for energy and carbon |
| herbivore | eats plants |
| carnivore | eats meat |
| detritivore | eats decaying detritus |
| PAR | photosynthetically active radiation |
| EM spectrum | electromagnetic spectrum |
| Mole | amount of something in something |
| photon | light particle |
| photon flux density | photons in moles striking a square meter of area per second |
| rubisco | enzyme |
| mesophyll | spongy tissue in a plant leaf for photosynthesis |
| bundle sheath cell | sheath around leaf veins for protection |
| C3 photosynthesis | pathway used by most plants, especially in cool climates, in mesophyll |
| C4 photosynthesis | corn, sorgum, sugarcane, uses mesophyll and bundle sheath cells |
| CAM photosynthesis | water storing plants, same as C4 but stomata only open at night |
| lignin | tough parts of plants, provide support and protection in cell walls |
| aposomatic coloring | bright colors for poison animals |
| mullerian mimicry | comimicry among toxic species |
| batesian mimicry | harmless species mimic toxic ones |
| size selective predation | predation that gives largest prey for least energy exertion |
| I sat | saturation flow rate density |
| P max | maximum photosynthetic rate |
| type 1 functional response | feeding rate increases linearly as food density increases, then abruptly ends |
| type 2 functional response | logarithmic |
| type 3 functional response | sigmoidically, fast growth then plateu stability |
| optimal foraging | organisms optimize rate of energy intake |
| behavioral ecology | study of social relations |
| sociobiology | branch of biology concerned with social relations |
| fitness | number of offspring contributed by an individual to future generations |
| population | organisms of the same species inhabiting the same place |
| monomorphic | outwardly difficult to distinguish female and male |
| perfect flower | includes both male and female parts |
| hermaphrodite | both male and female |
| sexual selection | characteristics that attract mates |
| intrasexual competition | compete within a sex |
| intersexual competition | choose mates of opposite sex based on a trait |
| handicap theory | when a sexual trait lowers fitness so surviving organisms are more fit (peacock tails) |
| cooperative breeder | groups that cooperate in raising young |
| inclusive fitness | combining reproductive success with close relatives |
| kin selection | cooperative breeders evolve because it raises the overall fitness of the species |
| hamilton's rule | RgB-C>0 (chapter 8 slide 23) |
| natal territory | where an organism is born and spends its early life |
| eusociality | highest level of animal society organization |
| haplodiploidy | makes are haploid |
| abundance | % cover |
| density | number of individuals per unit area |
| habitat | physical environment inhabited by a particular species |
| niche | a species role in an ecosystem |
| principle of competitive exclusion | two species cannot coexist in the same niche |
| fundamental niche | full range that a species COULD live |
| realized niche | ACTUAL range a species can live |
| n-dimensional hyper volume | evironmental factors that facilitate survival and reproduction of a species |
| clumped distribution | individuals co-occur with mutual attraction between them |
| random distribution | equal chance of being anywhere, uniform resource distribution |
| regular distribution | individuals are uniformly spaced, intraspecific competition |
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