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Class 9/24
Hearing Sciences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four things the middle ear does to help with hearing? | impedance-matching transformer function, polarization function, ventilation and pressurization, and protection and distortion reduction |
| What does impedance mean? | resistance to the flow of energy |
| When does impedance occur? | when sound is transmitted from air to water |
| What happens if the middle ear structures were not in place? | sound would not be efficiently transmitted to the cochlea |
| What is the amount of hearing loss associated with missing middle ear structures? | approximately 30 dB |
| What does the ossicular chain do the sound? | amplifies it |
| What are two transformer mechanisms to fix impedance? | the lever mechanism and the areal ration of TM to oval window |
| What is the middle ear? | a mechanical device that amplifies sound |
| What is the lever mechanism? | the pressure of the incus will be 1.3 times as great as the force applied to the malleus, which amplifies sound |
| What is the theoretical increase provided by the lever mechanism? | 2.3 dB |
| What is the missing piece of information to account for with the lever mechanism? | gain across frequencies |
| What is the areal ratio mechanism? | energy collected over a relatively large surface (ear drum) is transmitted to a smaller surface (ossicular chain) |
| Due to the areal ratio mechanism, where is the greatest pressure compared to the tympanic membrane? | the stapes footplate |
| How was gain by the middle ear measured? | sound pressure level was measured near the tympanic membrane while the sound pressure in the scala vestibuli was measured using a hydrophone |
| What is a hydrophone? | a microphone used for recording underwater sounds |
| Because the cochlea is a closed capsule, how is motion allowed? | two windows are in the inner ear, one with mechanical stimulation |
| What happens due to the round window reciprocating a response to stimulation? | displacement of cochlear liquids, causing wave action |
| When the round window goes in towards the cochlea, what does the oval window do? | goes out from the cochlea |
| What causes stimulation of the oval window? | the rocking motion of the stapes footplate |
| Why is it so important that we have a round window? | without it, the stapes and oval window would not be able to move, meaning the basilar membrane does not move, meaning we cannot hear |
| How do we keep the tympanic cavity filled with air? | periodically open the airway via the eustachian tube |
| What makes the eustachian tube open? | swallowing, yawning, or chewing |
| What muscles are used to open the eustachian tube? | the tensor veli palatini and the levator Veli palatini |
| where is the opening for the eustachian tube? | the torus tubarius in the nasopharynx |
| What does the eustachian tube do aside from creating equal pressure? | places the tympanic membrane in the proper position and prevents an unhygienic environment |
| What can you see from the ear if the eustachian tube is not functioning? | the tympanic membrane being sucked in |
| What happens if you have a eustachian tube dysfunction? | most people get chronic ear infections |
| To have the middle ear function properly, what needs to occur? | there needs to be equal pressure in the middle ear and outside the ear |
| Who was the eustachian tube named after? | Bartolomeo Eustachio |
| When was the eustachian tube discovered? | in 1561 |
| What is eustachian tube dysfunction? | the inability to equalize middle ear and atmospheric pressure |
| Why is middle ear pressure equalization important? | It is a major factor in the pathogenesis of middle ear disease |
| What does pathogenesis mean? | a mechanism that causes disease |
| What does disease mean? | a disorder of a structure or function |
| What symptoms does eustachian tube dysfunction cause? | tympanic membrane retraction, chronic otitis media, hearing loss with language delay in children, chronic tympanic membrane perforations, and colesteatoma |
| What is aeration? | to supply with air |
| What is perforation? | a hole |
| What is a cholesteatoma? | an abnormal skin growth in the middle ear, can destroy ossicular chain if big enough, and in rare cases, result in permanent hearing loss, dizziness, and facial muscle paralysis |
| How does the ossicular chain protect the cochlea? | by having higher tension to reduce low-frequency sound intensity that reaches the cochlea |
| What is the acoustic reflex? | the stapedius muscle is contracted which stiffens the ossicular chain and reduces the sound reaching the cochlea |
| When is the acoustic reflex stimulated? | by eating, talking, yelling, other vocalizations, and exposure to high level sounds |
| What is the acoustic reflex pathway | Inner ear, ventral cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, facial nerve, and stapedius muscle |
| How can the acoustic reflex pathways stimulate both sides? | the superior olivary complex can stimulate the facial nerve on either side of the face |
| Why is the acoustic reflex threshold determined? | to measure the function of the acoustic reflex pathways and (in part) to determine the site of lesion for auditory disorders |
| Which frequency is impacted more by acoustic reflexes? | low frequency sounds |
| What is the maximum benefit of the acoustic reflex for low frequencies? | 20-30 dB loss |
Created by:
hrshook0104
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