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bcor 2100 exam iii
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| escape in time | V and P have different schedules, so less chance of interacting, evolutionary aspect of PV coexistence |
| escape in size | P not able to eat all of V over time |
| escape in space | 2 different ways, permanent refuge |
| permanent refuge | safe place V goes to, inaccessible to P, abiotic or biotic limitations |
| permanent spatial refuge | ephemeral escape in space (transient), if migration possible then coexistence could occur at a regional scale |
| metapopulation | a set of habitat patches connected by migration |
| escape in numbers | so much prey that predators are unable to eliminate them all |
| non-consumptive effects | triggered by presence of a predator, changes in migration, reduced feeding and copulation |
| predation | causes for prey to live in a "landscape of fear", always evaluating surroundings and making changes |
| parisitism | "landscape of disgust", prey stay away from gross looking shit |
| comparative method | idea that we should look at ecological processes that are related, like phylogenies |
| parasite manipulation of host behavior | increases transmission of parasite |
| acanthocephalan parasites (spiny headed worms) | predation (org eats roach) ---> worm goes to vertebrate gut --> lays eggs in gut of predator which shits out eggs ---> invertebrate host eats shit |
| S^ total | S observed + S undetected |
| S undetected equation | a^2 / 2b |
| a in S undetected equation | number of singletons (species w only one indiv) |
| b in S undetected equation | number of doubletons (species w exactly 2 indiv) |
| 3 evolutionary mechanisms to species in the tropics | 1) small pops in the tropics lead to rapid evolution bc of genetic drift 2) warm temps ---> high metabolism --> short generation time 3) increases exposure to UV radiation --> higher mutation rate |
| there are more species in... | low latitudes, low and mid elevation sites, shallow aquatic environments, mainland areas |
| H1/HB- Habitat diversity hypothesis | more habitats --> more different niches --> more species coexistence |
| H2- Productivity hypothesis | increasing biomass and species richness at the bottom of the food chain increases richness at higher levels, bottom-up control |
| eutrophication example | increase in phytoplankton and zooplankton ---> less light and plankton dies off --> microbes eat plankton and increases ---> less oxygen so fish die off |
| H3- keystone species hypothesis | a predator that is not a dominant competitor can prevent a dominant competitor prey species from outcompeting and eliminating other prey species, increasing overall diversity of prey community |
| keystone predator | a species that increases prey species diversity by preferentially eat the competitive dominant (see sea stars and mussels) |
| prey species | S increases with keystone predator present and when a switching predator focuses on the most abundant species and evens out, S decreases with random predators and rare species specialist predators |
| keystone species | a species whose presence or absence leads to cascading effects (see sea otters and sea urchins) |
| trophic cascade | reciprocal changes in abundance at different trophic levels with the addition or removal of a top predator |
| "the world is green" | there are too many predators for herbivores to eat all of the green |
| trophic cascade example | if predators increase, herbivores will decrease but producers will increase, but is predators decrease then herbivores will increase and producers will decrease |
| H4- niche adjustment hypotheses | more theoretic, expand resource axis, increase resource specialization, increase tolerance of overlap |
| H5- intermediate disturbance hypothesis | species diversity is highest at intermediate levels of disturbance frequency and intensity, suggesting that ecosyst, with too little disturbance are dominated by a few strong competitors, while ecosyst with too much disturbance are too harsh for most spec |
| disturbance | physically removing species from communities, same as predators do, requires competition-colonization trade-offs |
| hypotheses for species richness | habitat diversity, prodictivity "bottom-up" control, keystone predator "top-down" control, niche adjustment, intermediate disturbance, larger areas ----> more species |
| species-area relationship | islands are good model systems bc they are discrete, simplified communities with major evolutionary change patterns |
| discrete island communities | lakes and tide pools, tree holes, pitcher plants, nature reserves, national parks |
| Darlington's rule | for oceanic islands, each 10x increase in island area leads to a doubling of species richness |
| distance / isolation effect | the closer to the mainland, the more species rich an island will be |
| power function of Darlington's rule | S = cA^z where S is number of species and A is area |
| transformed Darlington power function | log (S) = log (c) + z log(A), where Z is the slope of a line and log(c) is the intercept |
| HA: random sampling hypothesis | the number of individuals that accumulate on an island is proportional to island area, density of individuals is constant, number of species is recorded increases as more individuals are sampled |
| HC: equilibrium theory of island biogeography | MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium model |
| dS/dt = I -E | species/time = immigration aka "birth of a population" - extinctions aka "death of a population" |
| MW model variables | I = max immigration rate, immigration rate = number of new species colonizing island over time, E = max extinction rate, extinction rate = number of species on an island going extinct over time |
| S^ = (P)(I) / (I+E) | to increase S^, must increase I, decrease E, or increase P |
| Assumptions of MW model | -source pool of P mainland species with persistent populations -probability of colonization is inversely related to distance or isolation of island from source pool (distance effect) |
| cont assumptions of MW model | cont. -probability of population extinction on an island is inversely related to population size - population size is proportional to island area - colonizations and extinctions of species on islands are independent of one another |
| predictions of MW model | S^ is a stable equilibrium point ----> dS/dt = 0, dS/dt > 0 when S=0, frequent extinctions and colonizations on island, S^ = f(A,D), lack of strong species interactions |
| Simberloft and Wilson | looked at insects of mangrove islands of different sizes and areas, fumigated whole islands to remove insects, recensussed yearly |
| evolution (general definition) | sustained change in the phenotype of a system through time |
| evolution (biological definition) | the change in allele frequencies of a population through time |
| gene | a section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular trait |
| locus | location of a gene on a chromosome or DNA sequence |
| allele | one of two or more alternate states for a single gene, each individual organism has two alleles for a trait, often multiple alleles for a single gene in a population |
| genotype | alleles for a gene |
| phenotype | expression of the trait in an organsim |
| homozygous | 2 identical alleles at a gene |
| heterozygous | 2 different alleles at a gene |
| dominant allele | expressed with 1 copy, seen in both homozygous and heterozygous individuals |
| recessive allele | expressed only 2 copies, homozygous only |
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sadiejude
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