Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
bcor 2100 exam ii
ecology and evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define life history strategy | a schedule of l(x) and b(x) that maximizes offspring production and survival in a particular environment |
| what are tradeoffs? | where organisms chose to allot their energy, such as growth, reproduction, and survivorship |
| type 1 survivorship | good juvenile survivorship, poor adult survivorship (humans) |
| type 2 survivorship | equiprobable and consistent death rates throughout life (birds) |
| type 3 survivorship | poor juvenile survivorship, good adult survivorship (trees) |
| how can you increase r in a life table? | reduce the age of first reproduction, increase litter size, increase in amount of litters, increase survivorship of juvenile and reproductive age classes |
| what is semelparity? | where organisms only reproduce once in their lifetime |
| what is iteroparity? | a reproductive strategy where an organism reproduces multiple times in its lifetime |
| What. is Cole's Law? | r(iteroparous) ~=~ r(semelparous)+1 |
| what is r selection? | organisms born into an uncrowded environment with a relatively low N, many offspring produced with little parental investment |
| what is k selection? | organisms born into a crowded environment with a relatively high N, fewer offspring produced but lots of parental investment |
| traits of r selection | low density, fast development, small body size, early semelparous reproduction, type III curve, large r |
| traits of k selection | high density, slow development, large body size, later iteroparous reproduction, type I curve, small r |
| exploitation competition | indirect, occurs because of shared resources |
| interference competition | direct, involves behavior and territoriality where ones actions affect the exploitation efficiency of the competitor |
| pre-emptive competition | competition for space, blend of exploitation and interference |
| interspecific competition | the struggle for a shared and limited resource between different species |
| intraspecific competition | the struggle for a shared and limited resource within the same species |
| alpha (comp model) | the effect of N2 on the population growth rate of N1, measures inter and intra specific interactions, measured in units of N1 |
| beta (comp model) | the effect of N1 on the population growth rate of N2, measured in units of N2 |
| competition model case 1 | N1 species isocline is above N2, N1 wins in competition, N1=K1, N2=0 |
| competition model case 2 | N2 isocline is above N1, N2 wins in competition, N1=0, N2=K2 |
| competition model case 3 (stable equilibrium) | N1 and N2 coexist at equilibrium point, intraspecific competition is greater than interspecific competition, dN1/dt = dN2/dt = 0 |
| competition model case 4 (unstable equilibrium) | results depend on which species has greater starting amount and bigger amount will typically win |
| assumptions of the Lotka-Voltera competition models | no immigration or emigration, no age size or genetic structure, no time lags, K1 K2 alpha and beta are all constant |
| rationale for preserving species | moral and aesthetic arguments, natural products, ecosystem services such as climate, flooding and erosion control, pollination |
| overyielding | equilibrium point lies above the yield curve, should plant N1 and N2 together |
| underyielding | equilibrium point lies below the yield curve, should plant N1 and N2 separately as monocultures |
| yield curve case 3 | (stable coexistence), the yield curve connects from K2 to K1, putting the equilibrium point above the curve and resulting in overyielding |
| yield curve case 4 | (unstable coexistence), the yield curve connects from K2 to K1, putting the equilibrium point below the curve and resulting in underyielding |
| "plant nature" | mimic the patterns seen in nature when deciding to plot two crops together or not |
| Hutchinson's niche definition | an n-dimensional hypervolume that defines a set of conditions for which dN/dt > 0, dimensions being things like temperature or pH which affect diff species differently |
| fundamental niche | species living alone in its environment |
| realized niche | species in presence of other species, realized niche < fundamental niche |
| character displacement | divergence in body size or morphology of competitors living in sympatry (together) |
| ecological assortment | extinctions lead to the separation of species along niche axes, distribution of species among the resource gradient has minimal overlap |
| evolutionary adjustment | competition will affect different subgroups of each species and the evolution of the other, over time neither species goes extinct but traits shift and leads to segregation of species |
| alpha of predator/prey model | capture efficiency, how efficiently P kills V |
| beta of predator/prey model | conversion efficiency, the ability of P to convert V into offspring of P |
| the V and P relationship | V positively affects P while P negatively affects V, such as predation, parasitism, seed consumption and herbivory |
| r in dV/dt equation | Victim population increasing exponentially |
| q in dP/dt equation | death rate of P when alone |
| assumptions of L-V predator/prey model | no migration, no age or size structure, no genetic structure, no time lags, no carrying capacity for V, P is a specialist on V, P and V encounter each other randomly in a homogenous environment, P are insatiable |
| period of a cycle | the length between two peaks/pits of a graph, =2pi/root rq, the larger the values in the denominator the smaller the period |
| amplitude of a cycle | the difference between a peak and pit of a cycle, depends on initial population sizes |
| P-V state space graph | counter clockwise circle, never come to final population |
| neutral equilibrium | the predator prey model rests at a point unless something pushes it to a new point |
| isocline | the line in a state space graph that represents combinations od abundances of N1 and N2 such that dN/dt=0 |
| bet-hedging | the concept of spreading risk, applies to iteroparity here |
Created by:
sadiejude
Popular Ecology sets