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Chapter 1

chapter 1 unit 1 test

TermDefinition
Environment consists of all the living and nonliving things around us.
Environmental science he study of how the natural world works, how the environment affects us, and how we affect it.
Natural resources are the substances and energy sources that we take from the environment and rely upon to survive.
Renewable natural resources are replenished over short periods.
Nonrenewable natural resources are formed much more slowly than we use them and are no longer available once depleted.
ecosystem services benefits that humans receive from natural ecosystems
agricultural revolution when people began to grow crops and domesticate animals.
industrial revolution which shifted life toward an urban society powered by fossil fuels.
ecological footprint The cumulative area of land and water needed to provide resources and waste disposal for a typical person.
overshoot because we are surpassing Earth’s capacity to sustainably support our population.
natural capital store of resources and ecosystem services
environmental degradation has contributed to: the collapse of the Greek and Roman empires, the Angkor civilization of Southeast Asia, Rapa Nui, and many other civilizations of the Americas and Middle East.
interdisciplinary
natural studies which focus on how the natural world works,
social sciences which address human interactions and institutions.
Environmentalism social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world
Science systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding about it
Descriptive science involves researching organisms, materials, and systems that are new or not well-known
correlation statistical association between variables.
manipulative experiments researcher actively chooses and manipulates the independent variable.
Natural experiments compare how different variables are expressed in naturally occurring, but different, contexts.
theory widely accepted, well-tested explanation of one or more cause-and-effect relationships that have been extensively validated by a great amount of testing.
controlled experiment only the independent variable is changed
treatment part of the experiment receives the change.
control does not receive the change and serves as a point of comparison.
paradigm dominant view
categorical imperative advises us to treat others as we would prefer to be treated ourselves.
principal of utility something is right when it produces the greatest practical benefit for the most people.
Relativists believe that ethics vary with social context
universalists believe ethics are consistent across all cultures and contexts.
Anthropocentrism human-centered view that evaluates costs and benefits of actions solely on their impact on people.
Biocentrism ascribes inherent value to both human and nonhuman life.
Ecocentrism judges actions based on their effects on ecological systems, which contain both living and nonliving elements and relationships between them.
John Muir promoted a preservation ethic, which is: believing that the environment should be protected in a pristine, unaltered state.
Gifford Pinochet promoted the conservation ethic, which is believing people should put natural resources to use, but have a responsibility to use them wisely.
Aldo Leopold originally wanted to kill off predators to increase deer game for hunters, later took an ecocentric view
Environmental justice involves the fair and equitable treatment of all people with respect to environmental policy and practice, regardless of their income level, race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation.
Created by: user-1980454
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