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Test #1 Review
Chapters 1 through 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability to lower body temperature? | The absorption of hear by the breaking of hydrogen bonds. |
| A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn the pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50-L container of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature of the water? (a liter of cold water weighs about 1kg). | 10 degrees C |
| The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are: | Hydrogen bonds between water molecules. |
| A hydrophobic material? | Wax |
| We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin c are equal in their: | Number of molecules. |
| How many grams of acetic acid (C2H4O2) would you use to make 10L of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid? (The atomic masses, in daltons, are approx. 12 for C, 1 for H, and 16 for O). | 60.0 g |
| Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake? | 10^-4 M |
| What is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake with a pH of 4.0? | 10^-10 M |
| Each water molecule is joined to ____ other water molecules by ____ bonds. | Four ... Hydrogen |
| The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule: | Polar |
| The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its: | Electronegativity |
| The correct equation for the dissociation of water? | H2O + H2O <==> H30+ + OH- |
| What is the charge on a hydronium ion? | 1+ |
| What is the charge on a hydroxide ion? | 1- |
| About how many molecules in a glass of water are dissociated? | 1 in 500,000,000 (1 in half a billion) |
| In a neutral solution the concentration of _________. | Hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions. |
| Organic chemistry is currently defined as: | The study of carbon compounds. |
| Hydrocarbon that has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? | C2H4 |
| Which action could produce a carbonyl group? | The replacement of the -OH of a carbonyl group with a hydrogen. |
| Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? | Amino |
| L-dopa is used to treat ___. | Parkinson's disease. |
| What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson's disease? | None! |
| Enantiomers are molecules that ___. | Are mirror images. |
| Geometric isomers are molecules that ___. | Differ in arrangement of their atoms about a double bond. |
| An organ, such as the liver, is composed of ___. | Tissues |
| Name an organ system: | Digestive |
| What are the two main types of cells? | Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
| DNA is composed of building blocks called: | Nucleotides |
| In eukaryotic cells, DNA has the appearance of a ___. | Double helix |
| A correct match of a cell type with structure? | Muscle cell ... has proteins that slide back and forth. |
| What provides your body with energy? | Fats |
| Plants use ___ as a source of energy. | Light |
| What element is found in all organic compounds? | Carbon |
| Plants obtain carbon from ___. | Carbon dioxide |
| What name is given to organisms that convert the carbon in organic compounds into carbon in carbon dioxide? | Decomposers |
| Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) ___. | Bacteria and Archaea |
| In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom ____. | Monera |
| All the organisms on your campus make up _____. | A community |
| A correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy. proceeding downward from an individual animal? | Nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell |
| What is not an observation or inference on which Darwin's theory of natural selection is based? | Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. |
| System biology is mainly an attempt to: | Construct models of the behavior of entire biological systems. |
| Property of Life: Biogenesis | Any organism originates from an organism (asexual) or organisms (sexual) of the same species. Living things do not spontaneously spring into life. |
| Property of Life: Organization | All organisms are composed of one or more cells and these cells are constructed of the same basic types of atoms and molecules. |
| Property of Life: Sensitivity | All organisms respond to internal and external stimuli (signals) |
| Property of Life: Metabolism | All organisms require energy and produce waste products. |
| Property of Life: Homeostasis | All organisms maintain stable internal conditions that are different than the surrounding environment. |
| Property of Life: Movement | All organisms are capable of self-generated movement at some scale and at some stage of their life cycle. |
| Property of Life: Reproduction | All organisms are capable of reproduction. |
| Property of Life: Life Stages | All organisms grow and develop through definite stages. |
| Theme: New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy | emergent properties; reductionism; systems biology... |
| Emergent Properties | Properties emerge at each level. Arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. |
| Reductionism | The reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. |
| Systems Biology | The construction of models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. |
| Theme: Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy | Ecosystem. energy conversion, |
| Ecosystem Dynamics | Cycling of nutrients (minerals acquired by a tree will eventually be returned to the soil); One-way flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers. |
| Theme: Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization | Form fits function. (ex: a screwdriver is suited to tighten/loosen screws). |
| Theme: Cells are an organism's basic units of structure and function | Lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life. |
| Theme: The continuity of life based on DNA (heritable) | DNA/genes |
| Theme: Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems | Negative Feedback and Positive Feedback |
| Negative Feedback | accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process. (Ex: the cell's breakdown of sugar generates chemical energy in the form of ATP. When excess ATP, it "feeds back". |
| Positive Feedback | an end product speeds up its production. (Ex: clotting of your blood in response to injury). |
| Hierarchical Organization of Life | Domain; Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genus; Species |
| Taxonomy | Practice and science of classification. |
| Discovery Science | Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data. (Ex: discovery science built our understanding of cell structure). |
| Hypothesis-Based Science | Inquiry that usually involves the proposing and testing of hypothetical explanations. |
| Chromosomes | contain almost all of the cell's genetic material. |
| Qualitative Data | Describes the data |
| Quantitative Data | Measurements (data) |
| Controlled Experiment | One that is designed to compare and experimental group with a control group. |
| 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter | Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon |
| Trace elements | needed only in very small amounts. |
| Potential Energy | at rest |
| Kinetic Energy | movement |
| Covalent Bonds | sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms. |
| Non-Polar Covalent Bonds | formed when 2 atoms have similar or equal electronegativity. |
| Polar Covalent Bonds | One atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are NOT shared equally. |
| Electronegativity | the ability of an atom to pull electrons towards itself. |
| Ionic Bonds | the attraction between cations and anions (each has different charge). |
| Van der Waals Interactions | Weak attractions between molecules or part of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations. Occur when atoms and molecules are very close together (ex: Lizard's ability to walk up a wall). |
| Reactants | the starting substances. |
| Products | the new substances formed. |
| Cohesion | The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds hold the substance together. |
| Adhesion | the clinging of one substance to another. |
| Surface Tension | related to cohesion; a measure of how difficult it is to stretch/break the surface of a liquid. |
| Coastal areas have milder climates than adjacent inland areas | absorbing/releasing heat. |
| Ocean temperatures fluctuate much less than temperatures on land | absorbing/releasing heat. |
| Insects like water strides can walk on the surface of a pond without breaking the surface | Cohesion; surface tension |
| If you slightly overfill a glass, the water will form a convex surface above the top of the glass. | Cohesion; surface tension |
| If you place a paper towel so that it touches spilled water, the towel will draw in the water. | Adhesion |
| Ice floats on water | expansion |
| Humans sweat and dogs pant to cool themselves on hot days. | Regulation of temperature |
| Solute | the substance that is dissolved |
| Solution | a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. |
| Solvent | the dissolving agent of a solution |
| Solute | the substance that is dissolved |
| Hydrophobic | Afraid of water (ex: oil, wax) |
| Hydrophilic | Likes water |
| Molarity | the number of moles per solute per liter of solution. |
| Buffer | substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution. |
Created by:
kserrano005
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