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Wildland fire
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Wildland Fire | any non-structure, uncontrolled wildfire in combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside or a wilderness area. A community disturbance that can be positive or negative |
| Fire Triangle | Heat, Fuel, Oxygen |
| Heat | Initial ignition and keep fire going |
| Fuel | Any combustible material |
| Oxygen | 16 %. Support chemical process during the fire |
| Natural causes | Lightings, volcanic activity |
| Anthropogenic - human causes | ●careless recreation ●industry/farming/ranching ●prescribed burns ●arson |
| Best conditions for wildland fire | •Fuel source - light, fluffy fuel •Dry conditions |
| 20 years Average causes | Human: 88% of fire, 44% acreage Lightning: 12% of fire, 56% arceage |
| Grassland/savannah | • Without fire: increased number and size of woody plants |
| Pine forest | Without fire: change in dominant vegetation → replacement of pines by hardwood/deciduous species |
| Chaparral | Without fire: change in dominant vegetation → decrease in fire-tolerant plants, increase in fire- sensitive species |
| Ground fire | Under ground |
| Surface fire | On the surface |
| Crown fire | On the tree canopy |
| Ladder fuel | Fire from bottom vegetation move up to taller trees catching it on fire |
| Head fire | Wind blows towards direction of fire |
| Back fire | Wind blows against direction of fire |
| Prescribed fire | Planned |
| Reduce dead organic material (fuel load) | Positive |
| Release mineral nutrients from dead organic matter: PO43-, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, S2- | Both, nitrogen and carbon gasses are toxic |
| Rapid recycling of mineral nutrients | |
| Stimulation of plant growth – grasses, legumes, early successional species | Positive |
| Increase in some animal populations | Positive |
| Increased erosion | Negative |
| Fire sensitive species decrease | Negative |
| – Aboveground biomass (shoots) | Aboveground biomass (shoots) dies back during the non-growing season – burned off during a fire |
| Belowground biomass (roots, rhizomes) | remains alive during the non-growing season – protected during a fire |
| Aboveground biomass | resprouts after a fire |
| Herbaceous- annual | Survive in seed stage |
| Trees | Vulnerable when young, live tissue above ground year-round, cambial cells for secondary growth and production of xylem and phloem, bark protect cambial cells, may stimulate seed dispersal and germination- serotiny |
| Serotinous pines | jack pine, knob cone pine, lodgepole pine |
| Fire suppression policies | o Weeks Act of 1911 o 10 a.m. policy o Smokey Bear o Let-burn o Fuel accumulation |
| Climate change | o Extended drought o Higher temperatures o Earlier spring – longer fire season |
| Globally fire weather seasons have lengthened | 18.7% |
| Annual total global area affected by long fire weather seasons has increased | 108.1% 3.1% per year |
| Number of days per year without wetting rainfall (> 0.1mm) correlated with | Fire weather season length (49.7%) o Long fire weather season (33.8%) |
| Mountain Pine beetle | Destroys the bark |
| Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) | Zone of transition between wildland or vegetative fuels and human development. 44 milion homes are at risk |
| 1988 cost | $578,926,000 |
| 2000 | $1,410,802,000 |
Created by:
ShinyFallen
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