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Cell Biology
II Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| prokaryote | A simple cell type lacking a membrane-bound nucleus. |
| nucleus | The control center of the cell, containing DNA. |
| cell membrane | The outer boundary of the cell, regulating what enters and exits. |
| cytoplasm | The gel-like substance within the cell, containing organelles. |
| organelles | Specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions. |
| vacuoles | Storage compartments for water, nutrients, and waste. |
| contractile vacuole | Regulate water content and prevent the cell from bursting due to excessive water intake from its environment through osmosis |
| lysosomes | Contain digestive enzymes. "suicide organelle" |
| cytoskeleton | A network of protein filaments that provides structure and support. |
| microfilaments | the smallest and most flexible of the three types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton; found in muscle tissue |
| microtubules | dynamic, hollow cylindrical structures, composed of tubulin proteins, that are a key component of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells; found in centrioles |
| centrioles | barrel-shaped organelles that play a crucial role in cell division and are also involved in the formation of cilia and flagella |
| ribosomes | Involved in protein synthesis. |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | A network of membranes involved in protein synthesis. |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | A network of membranes involved in lipid synthesis. |
| Golgi apparatus | Packages and modifies proteins and lipids in vesicles. |
| vesicle | Small, membrane-bound sacs used for transport within the cell of proteins or lipids. |
| chloroplast | Found in plant cells, the site of photosynthesis. |
| mitochondria | The powerhouses of the cell, producing energy as ATP. |
| cell wall | Provides support and protection for plant cells. |
| lipid bilayer | fundamental structural component of biological membranes, consisting of two layers of lipids (primarily phospholipids) and proteins |
| selectively permeable | a membrane (like a cell membrane) that allows certain substances to pass through while restricting others |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | describes the structure of cell membranes as a flexible, dynamic mosaic of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates |
| passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without requiring the cell to expend energy. |
| diffusion | the passive movement of molecules or particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane; example is gasses pass through |
| facilitated diffusion | a type of passive transport where molecules move across a cell membrane with the help of membrane proteins, specifically channel proteins or carrier proteins, without requiring energy input; Example is sugar passes through. |
| aquaporins | specialized membrane proteins that function as water channels, facilitating the movement of water across cell membranes |
| osmosis | the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration |
| tonicity | the ability of a solution to affect the volume of a cell by causing osmosis, the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. |
| isotonic | one where the concentration of solutes (dissolved substances) is equal to the concentration of solutes inside a cell. This |
| hypotonic | a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell it is compared to |
| hypertonic | a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (and thus a lower concentration of water) compared to another solution or a cell |
| osmotic pressure | the pressure that develops due to the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration, driven by differences in solute concentrations |
| turgid | a cell or tissue that is swollen and firm due to water uptake. |
| flaccid | a plant cell or tissue that is soft, limp, and lacks turgor pressure. T |
| lyse | the process of a cell breaking down and dissolving, typically due to damage to its membrane or cell wall |
| active transport | the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, against the concentration gradient, requiring the input of energy, typically in the form of ATP |
| protein pump | a protein embedded in a cell membrane that uses energy to move molecules, like ions or other solutes, across the membrane against their concentration gradient |
| bulk transport | the movement of large molecules or large quantities of smaller molecules across the cell membrane |
| endocytosis | an active transport process where a cell's membrane engulfs external substances, forming vesicles or vacuoles that bring materials into the cell |
| exocytosis | a cellular process where materials, like waste products or secreted substances, are transported from inside a cell to its exterior. |
| homeostasis | the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. |
| receptor | a specialized molecule, often a protein, that binds to a specific signaling molecule called a ligand and initiates a response within the cell |
| animal cell | a eukaryotic cell that is a building block of all animal organisms. |
| plant cell | a eukaryotic cell that makes up the building blocks of all plants. |
| cell size | the physical dimensions of a cell, typically measured in micrometers (μm) or nanometers (nm) |
| surface area | the total area of the outer boundary of an organism, cell, or structure, over which substances and heat can be exchanged with the environment. Relates to cell membrane |
| volume | the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell. Relates to the cytoplasm. |
| surface area to volume ratio | A larger SA:V means more surface area relative to volume, which can facilitate faster diffusion and heat transfer. As the cell grows the SA:V ratio gets too high for homeostasis. Small cells are more efficient. |
| cell division | The process by which cells reproduce. |
| eukaryote | A complex cell type with a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. |
| cell | The basic unit of life, composed of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. |
| mitosis | A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells. |
| plasmolysis | the shrinking of the protoplasm of a plant cell due to the loss of water, causing the cell membrane to detach from the cell wall |
Created by:
MrsKim
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