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Bio Exam Unit 9
Genetic engineering, stem cells, and cell specialization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is selective Breeding? | Humans breed animals for desired characteristics |
| What is a hybrid? | Made by crossing members of two different species |
| What is genetic engineering? | Add, delete, or manipulate genes in an organism to alter their traits |
| What is recombinant DNA? | New DNA made by connecting pieces of DNA from 2 different species (“Cut and paste” DNA from one organism and put it into DNA of another) |
| What are restriction enzymes? | They cut DNA into smaller pieces to isolate genes and cut at specific points on DNA |
| What is a vector? | What is used to transfer the gene of interest into an organism |
| What is a plasmid? | Small, circular piece of DNA in bacteria that is not a part of the chromosomal DNA that contains extra “new” genes (usually resistance genes) |
| What are the 6 steps to insert a gene into a plasmid? | 1. Use a restriction enzyme to cut out the gene you want to use 2. Cut the plasmid with the same enzyme 3. insert the cut gene into the plasmid 4. Put the plasmid into the cell of your choice and it will reproduce with offspring |
| What is a transgenic organism? | Any organism with recombinant DNA |
| What can transgenic bacteria do (positives)? | Break down oil and other environmental pollutants, make large quantities of medicines, and produce phenylalanine for diet drinks |
| What are Bt Crops? | A gene from bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis) that is toxic to insects is inserted into plants so plants produce an insecticide protein thousands of times more powerful than the chemical spray insecticides |
| What is golden rice? | Undernourished people in poorer countries may have blindness caused by a lack of vitamin A (beta-carotene) so genes for making beta-carotene are taken from daffodils and inserted into the genome of rice |
| What is gel electrophoresis? | Method used to separate and analyze DNA fragments |
| what are the 4 steps of gel electrophoresis? | 1. Cut DNA into smaller pieces with restriction enzyme 2. Cut DNA is inserted into a gel 3. Electricity is applied that pulls DNA through gel 4.Shorter pieces move further than big ones |
| What is cloning? | Making an exact copy of an organism using a single cell (Clones are genetically identical) |
| What was the Human Genome Project? | Scientists sequenced order of all nucleotides in our DNA and mapped location of human genes on chromosomes |
| What is gene therapy? | Insert “normal” copy of genes into cells where the gene is mutated to correct genetic disorders (Missing or defective gene is replaced by normal working gene) |
| What is an embryonic cell? | Stem cells that have the ability to become any type of cell |
| What is an adult cell? | can only differentiate into certain types of cells. (Ex: Bone marrow stem cells can only become certain types of blood cells) |
| What is gene activation? | When a gene is activated, it is turned on and makes a protein |
Created by:
suiter.mayhew
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