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Ecology FINAL pt. II
Ecology final exam pt. II - Exams I & II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Population ________ is the number of individuals per unit area, or per unit volume. | density |
| Populations can be divided into three ecologically important age classes: pre-reproductive, reproductive, and __________ | post-reproductive |
| Individuals moving from another location into a subpopulation is referred to as ____________ | immigration |
| The primary factors driving the dynamics of population abundance are the demographic processes of _______ and _______ | birth; death |
| Populations inhabiting favorable environments at low population densities typically experience ________ population growth, resulting in a continuously accelerating rate of population increase. | exponential |
| Life ____ refers to the average number of years that an individual is expected to live from the time of his or her birth | expectancy |
| A population eventually becomes _____ when it's population growth (r) remains negative without reversing. | extinct |
| An organism's ______ is its lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction. | Life history |
| ______ is the number of offspring produced per unit time | fecundity |
| The type of mating system in which an individual female pairs with two or more males is known as _________ | polyandry |
| Habitats that are variable in time or short lived will favor ____-stratagists | r |
| The part of an animal's home range that is defended against intruders is its ________ | territory |
| The presence of a uniform distribution among plants is often used as an indication that _______ is occuring | competition |
| ____-strategists are competitive species with stable populations of long-lived individuals | k |
| One hypothesis of population regulation in animals is that increased crowing and social contact cause ________ | stress |
| A plant grown at high density will produce ______ seeds than the same plant grown at lower density | fewer |
| The factors that influence the growth rate of a population to the size of the population are called density-______ factors | dependent |
| Competition among individuals of the same species is referred to as ______ competition | intraspecific |
| The maximum sustainable population size for the prevailing environments is called the _________ capacity. | carrying |
| The _______ niche is the portion of a fundamental niche in which species can exploit as a result of interactions with other species. | realized |
| The range of physical and chemical conditions under which each species can persist (survive and reproduce) and the array of essential resources it utilizes are referred to as its ecological ______ | niche |
| Under certain conditions, _________ fungi live in the roots of many species of plants and have a mutually beneficial relationship with the plants. | mycorrhizal |
| ______ occurs when two species undergo reciprocal evolutionary change through natural selection. | coevolution |
| When each of two species benefit from their interaction, the relationship is referred to as ________ | mutualism |
| A module that is produces asexually by an original genetic individual, which may remain physically linked to the parent or may be separate, is referred to as a ______ | ramet |
| If, via global warming, the temperatures increased in Canada, the red maple might be able to extend its ________ to the North | geographic range |
| Which of following methods work best to estimate flower species diversity? a. mark-recapture b. Lincoln Peterson index c. distribution mapping d. quadrants | d. quadrants |
| In population of animals that defend an area for their own exclusive use or in plants that compete intensively for belowground resources such as water or nutrients, the spatial distribution of individuals is usually _______ | uniform |
| Why might the sex ration of bird species in the figure (two graphs that show relationship between sex ratio and frequency) change from as they grow from juveniles to adults? | Nesting females are vulnerable to predatory attack |
| Why is Pacific salmon movement into freshwater streams considered migration if the salmon die at the head of the stream and never return to the ocean? | Because their offspring return to the ocean, the entire population participates in the migratory event via different life stages. |
| Which of the following was propagated and promoted for use by the Soil Conservation Service but is now listed as a Federal Noxious Weed? a. Australian paperbark tree b. evening primrose c. purple loosestrife d. kudzu | d. kudzu |
| How might a species' range be extended? | through climate change |
| According to the latest data, which region has the highest number of species recently gone extinct? | North America |
| The leading cause of current species extinctions is what? | habitat distruction |
| What is one of the most damaging issues in freshwater systems that has caused the highest number of declines in fish? | Dams |
| Which population are at greatest risk for extinction? a. ones with extensive habitat ranges b. very small ones c. ones with specific niches d. very large ones | b. very small ones |
| A time-specific life table is constructed by sampling the ________ | population to obtain a distribution of age classes during a single time period |
| A dynamic composite life table is different from a dynamic life table in that it uses individuals a. from several different life tables b. born in a single time period c. from several different locations d. born over several time periods | d. born over several time periods |
| A population reaches a stable-age distribution when the _______ | proportion of individuals in each age group remains the same |
| Most life tables have been constructed for who? | long-lived mammals |
| A fecundity table is constructed for a gray squirrel. On the basis of these calculations, the net reproductive rate (R0) is equal to ______ | 1.4 |
| Age-specific mortality is defined as what? | difference between the number of individuals alive for any age class and the next older age class |
| The pattern shown in figure 9.6 (graph showing relationship between number or adult cranes and years with increase over time) best resembles what? | exponential growth |
| A group of individuals born in the same period of time is called a(n) _______ | cohort |
| This data (graph of seeds & mice) support trade-off that a. habitat type is correlated w/ size of mother b. # of offspring is correlated w/ survival c. size of offspring correlates w/ size of mother d. size of offspring is correlated w/ # of offspring | d. size of offspring is correlated w/ # of offspring |
| The mating system in which males and females mate with one or many of the opposite sex and form no pair bond is known as ________ | promiscuity |
| According to the latest data, the global human population is predicted to _________ | peak at 10 billion |
| The figure (graph with relationship between pop. and time w/ line looking like stretched out s) depicts which type of population growth? | logistic |
| Under the logistic growth model, the rate of population growth is highest when _______ | N = K/2 |
| This figure (scatter plot with home-range size on y and body mass on x) illustrates that territory size is positively correlated with what? | body size |
| What might be an unforeseen outcome of planting soybean plants at high densities in a field? | reduced seed production per plant |
| As the density of a population increases, the what increases or decreases? | individual growth rate decreases |
| Density-independent population regulation ____ a. results from competition among individuals for available resources b. primarily affects large populations c. is usually catastrophic d. may involve disease transmission among individuals of population | c. is usually catastrophic |
| Which of the following is a density-independent factor? a. shelter availability b. food availability c. availability of mates d. weather event | d. weather event |
| When trunk/limb of a tree provides substrate on which an epiphytic orchid grows, the arrangement benefits the orchid, which gets nutrients from the air and moisture from aerial roots, while the tree is unaffected. The relationship is referred to as ____ | commensalism |
| What is the difference between a parasite and a parasitoid? | A parasitoid typically always kill its host |
| In most plant-pollinator interactions, plants species are pollinated by who? | multiple animal species, and each animal species pollinates multiple plant species |
| The process whereby one species gives rise to several others that exploit different features of the environment is known as _____ | adaptive radiation |
| Adaptive radiation is often the result of what? | resource competition |
| As two competing species approach their respective carrying capacities, the growth rate of the other species does what? | slows down |
| ***All populations of different species living and interacting within an ecosystem are referred to collectively as a(n) _______ | community |
| The following is an example of which type of plot? What is the dependent variable? (graph of productivity on y and available N on x) | Scatterplot; productivity |
| Carbon dioxide and _____ are the major gases in the atmosphere that absorb energy from the sun | water vapor |
| The absorption and re-radiation of longwave radiation by gases in the atmosphere is called the ________ | greenhouse effect |
| In the formation of __________, air is forced to go over mtn. As it rises, air mass cools and loses moisture as precipitation on windward side. Descending air, already dry, picks up moisture on other side | rain shadow |
| The total amount of evaporating water from the surfaces of the ground and vegetation is called _________ | evapotranspiration |
| Small animals, such as water striders and water spiders, can run across a pond surface due to ________ | surface tension |
| ________ is the source of frictional resistance to objects moving through the water. | viscosity |
| What cells have the greatest influence on the distribution and amount of rainfall influencing the distribution of tropical rainforests on earth? | Hadley Cells |
| The upper layer of warm, low-density water of an open body of water is called the _______ | epilimnon |
| The rocky area at the bottom of the photo would be considered which section of a soil profile? (bottom layer is mix of large rocks and dirt) | unconsolidated layer |
| The soil horizon in which leached mineral particles such as clay and salts tend to accumulate is the ____ horizon. | B |
| An organism's __________ and ___________ reflect adaptations to its particular environment. | Form; function/structure |
| Lake Tanganika is inhabited by 100's of species of Cichlid fishes that evolved from a single species. This is an example of ________ | adaptive radiation |
| What type of selection influence the elaborate plumage and dances of the Birds of Paradise? (video) | sexual selection |
| C4 plants divide photosynthesis between two types of cells: the mesophyll and the ________ | bundle sheath |
| Many plants adapted to arid environments use the _______ photosynthetic pathway to fix CO2 during the night. | CAM |
| Plants can reduce water loss by _________ | closing stomata |
| The predictable change in morphological and physiological features as a function of body size is referred to as ___________ | scaling |
| Animals that feed exclusively on the tissues of other animals are called _____ | carnivores |
| ___________ is the maintenance by an animal of relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment. | homeostasis |
| To conserve heat in a cold environment and to cool vital parts of the body under heat stress, some animals have a ___________ exchange system | countercurrent |
| A model is used by ecologists to do what? | make predictions about now nature works using a set of explicit assumptions |
| Why do beaches often have less extreme temperature variation than inland areas? | the ocean moderates the temperatures |
| Why are fall and spring temperature colder in deeper areas of lakes than they are in the winter? | Lake stratification causes colder water to sink in spring and fall |
| The primary ions that contribute to the salinity of ocean waters are what? | sodium and chloride |
| When the amount of water in soil exceeds what the pore space can hold, the soil is ______ | saturated |
| The available water capacity is highest for what type of soils? | intermediate clay loam soils |
| Generally, an ion with a ____ positive charge and _____ size will bind most strongly to a soil particle. | greater; smaller |
| What might make the winter profile for oxygen concentration in winter appear more like the fall profile ' | Ice formation on the surface and few decomposers at the lake bottom |
| Geographic isolates of a particular species that differ from other population by one or more characteristics are considered to be what? (Hint: the example from class is florida panther) | Subspecies |
| Carbon balance focuses on the balance between what? | uptake of co2 in photosynthesis balanced with the loss of co2 from respiration |
| Compared with a shade-intolerant plant, a shade-tolerant plant _________ | has a great SLA |
| A freshwater fish is _______ and tends to _____ water to/from the environment. | hyperosmotic; gain |
| The regulation of body temperature exclusively from the external environment is referred to as what? | ectothermy |
| In this figure (scatterplot w/ trend lines of body temp vs air temp) the slope of the lines for active lizards and inactive ones suggests what? | active lizards are regulating their temperature in some way |
| Many species of insect undergo a state of arrested development in their life cycle to avoid desiccation or cold, referred to as ______ | diapause |
| In comparison with a shrew, a t-rex has ___________ surface area relative to volume | a much smaller |
| Define Ecology | the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment, living and non-living |
| Define Landscape | level of hierarchy in which individual, population, community, and ecosystem all interact |
| Define Adaptation | genetically determined, physical, morphological, behavioral changes that an organism undergoes to perform better/have higher fitness |
| Define Habitat | The location in which an organism resides with access to resources such as food and shelter plus reproductive opportunities |
| Define Hydrologic Cycle | The cycle of path that water follows from the atmosphere to terrestrial and water bodies |
| Define Thermocline | The thermal layering and stratification in a body of water in which the temperature changes rapidly |
| Define Transpiration | The evaporation or loss of water from vegetation to the atmosphere via the stomata |
| Define Leaching | The movement of solutes through the soil |
| Define Shade-tolerant | Plants that are able to grow and reproduce with limited sunlight by having a higher SLA. but tend to have a lower point in which photo inhibition can occur |
| Define Endothermy | The regulation of body temperature from/by internal mechanisms |
| Define Heterotherms | Species that function as poikilotherms and homeotherms throughout life |
| Define Poikilotherms | an organism that cannot regulate its body temperature except by behavioral means such as basking or burrowing |
| Define Allelopathy | the ability of a plant to prevent other plants from growing too close to it by releasing inhibitors |
| Define Environmental Stochasticity | unpredictable fluctuations in environmental conditions, like weather patterns or resource availability, that affect the survival and reproduction rates of individuals in a population |
| Define Carrying Capacity | the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can sustainably support |
| Define Mutualism (plus an example) | ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit EX: bees and flowers |
| Define Intraspecific competition (plus an example) | the struggle between individuals of the same species for limited resources within an ecological niche EX: two male deer fighting for the same female, or several oak trees growing close together and competing for sunlight and nutrients |
Created by:
phebe
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