Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ecology FINAL pt. I
Ecology final exam pt. I - Chapters 13 - 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A taller plant shading those individuals below, and reducing available light, is referred to as ________ | preemptive competition |
| According to the competitive exclusion principle, the populations of two species that live in the same place and have exactly the same ecological requirements can/cannot ________ | can coexist but with the population of each species at half of the carrying capacity (K) as when each population is separate. |
| According to the figure with P. caudatum & aurelia, when these two species are combined in a culture, what will the outcome be? | P. aurelia wins |
| According to Lotka-Volterra equations, which of the following is not an expected outcome of competitive interactions between two species? a. both pops. incr. to infinity b. both coexist c. Species 2 drives 1 to extinct d. Species 1 drives 2 to extinct | a. both pops. incr. to infinity |
| Change in beak size over time in Darwin's finches is an example of what? | character displacement. |
| Chemicals released by plants to inhibit germination and establishment of other species is known as what? | allelopathy |
| Coexisting species of wild cats differ in the size of their canine teeth, which corresponds to differences in their preferred species of prey. This outcome is most likely the result of what? | resource partitioning |
| Competition typically ____________ | is a complex interaction of biotic and abiotic factors |
| Competitive release is most likely to occur when a ______________ | species moves into new habitats that it never occupied on a mainland |
| Coyote populations are lower where wolf populations are increasing because __________ | wolves directly compete with coyotes |
| Demonstrating the occurrence of interspecific competition during a field study is problematic for all of the following reasons, except ________________ | competition is impossible to measure in a natural setting |
| Hiking up an elevational gradient, you notice different species of birds becoming more dominant the higher you go. This could be because __________ | competitive abilities change along environmental gradients |
| How can one grass species be dominant one year, while another is dominant a few years later and then the first becomes dominant again? | changes in precipitation across years |
| If the carrying capacity of species 2 was actually 50, what would the competitive outcome be? | Both species coexist |
| In the following formula, what is β? dN2/dt = r2N2(1 - (N2 + βN1)/K2) | competition coefficient |
| In Tilman's experiments with diatoms, what was the outcome when the two species competed for silica? | One outcompeted the other to extinction. |
| One effect of decreasing wolf populations in North America is a. range expansion for coyotes b. increased bear populations c. range retraction for elk d. decreased deer populations | a. range expansion for coyotes |
| One way two competing species can coexist in the same area is via ___________ | niche differentiation |
| Paramecium aurelia has a higher rate of population growth and can tolerate a higher population density than P. caudatum. When both species were introduced into a tube containing a fixed amount of bacterial food, the populations of both species _________ | initially increased, after which P. aurelia thrived and P. caudatum died out |
| Species A prefers a more dry habitat but grows in a wet habitat. Why might this be? | Species B outcompetes A in the dry habitat |
| The competitive exclusion principle assumes that the __________ | environmental conditions remain constant |
| The competitive exclusion principle states that what? | two close competitors cannot coexist |
| The diagonal line that represents dN/dt = 0 in the graphical depiction of the Lotka-Volterra competitions equations is called what? | a zero-growth isocline |
| The different chipmunk species correspond to the different tree species along an elevational gradient. This is likely because of what? | several resource factors for both groups change with elevation |
| The occupation of space by a sessile organism, such as a barnacle, that precludes the establishment or occupation by another species is referred to as what? | preemptive competition |
| The portion of potential resources and conditions that an organism actually exploits as a result of interactions with other species is its what? | realized niche |
| Two bird species compete in forest for the same seeds. If α = 0.75 and β = 0.25, then (assuming the same carrying capacity for both) a. species 2 "wins" & outcompetes 1 b. rate of seed consumption is same for both c. species 1 "wins" & outcompetes 2 | c. species 1 "wins" & outcompetes 2 |
| Two organisms using a portion of the same resource simultaneously is referred to as what? | niche overlap |
| Typically species compete for what? | multiple resources simultaneously |
| Various species of scavengers fighting over the carcass of a dead animal is referred to as what? | encounter competition |
| What is a zero-growth isocline? | the set of values of two population sizes where the growth rate is 0 |
| What is the outcome of these isoclines? (three plot points, the lines never intersect with species one on top) | Species 1 wins |
| What is the outcome of these isoclines? (five plot points, the lines intersect at E) | Both species coexist |
| Which of the following is a nonresource (or nonconsumable resource) that can influence the outcome of competition among plant species? a. temperature b. water c. light d. nitrogen | a. temperature |
| Which of the following is TRUE regarding competition? a. one species will always drive other to extinct b. larger species outcompetes smaller c. competition is always focused on food d. water temp can influence outcome of competitive interactions | d. water temp can influence outcome of competitive interactions |
| __________ competition results when individuals of one species inhibit individuals of another by using up a shared resource. | Consumptive |
| __________ competition results when nonterritorial behavioral interactions between two species result in negative effects on both species. | Encounter |
| A relationship that affects the populations of two or more species adversely is referred to as ________ competition | interspecific |
| A shift in the morphology, behavior, or physiology of a species in response to resource competition is referred to as _________ displacement. | character |
| According to the competitive __________ principle, two "complete competitors" cannot coexist. | Exclusion |
| Chemical interaction competition in plants is called __________ | allelopathy |
| In a competitive interaction in which species 1 has a higher carrying capacity (K1) than species 2 (K2), it is expected that species ______ will go extinct | 2 |
| Interspecific _________ occurs when the competition for space between two species influences access to food and nesting sites. | territoriality |
| Interspecific competition involves individuals of two or more species vying for the same limited _________ | resources |
| Periods of drought or extreme environmental conditions may depress the ___________ of a species below its carrying capacity (K). | population |
| The coexistence of competitors due to differences in the range of resources used or environmental tolerances is referred to as niche ________ | differentiation |
| The Lotka-Volterra equations predict the outcomes of __________ competition under different conditions. | interspecific |
| The portion of the fundamental niche that an organism actually exploits in the presence of competitors is called its ______ niche | realized |
| The Russian biologist G. F. Gause was one of the first to support the Lotka-Volterra equations by studying the competitive interactions of ________ species | Paramecium |
| When a species expands its niche in response to the removal of a competitor, the species has experienced competitive _________ | release |
| A parasitoid does what? | attacks the host indirectly by laying its eggs in or on the prey's body |
| A true predator is a species that ___________ | kills its prey more or less immediately upon capture |
| According to the optimal foraging theory, a predator will select prey 1 (P1) over prey 2 (P2) when a. E1/Th1 < E2/Th2 b. Th1 < Th2 c. Nprey1 > N prey2 d. E1 < E2 | b. Th1 < Th2 |
| According to the Red Queen hypothesis, __________________ | prey must continually evolve means of avoiding capture to avoid extinction |
| All three of these species are harmful (they all look like yellow jackets). This is an example of what? | Müllerian mimicry |
| An organism that feeds on plant or algal tissues is referred to as a(n) _______ | herbivore |
| Coevolution between predator and prey suggests what? | as predators become smarter at catching prey, prey will become smarter at escaping predation |
| European kestrels feed on Microtus voles, with the "kill" rate, defined as the number of prey taken during the breeding season, as linearly proportional to the density of Microtus. This type of functional response is referred to as what? | Type I |
| Huffaker's experiment involving oranges showed what? | with enough complexity, predator and prey populations will oscillate |
| If you are stranded on a desert island, which prey should you avoid consuming? | brightly colored prey |
| In a graph that plots prey population (Nprey) on the x-axis against the number of predator offspring produced per unit of time on the y-axis, the slope represents the what? | efficiency with which food is converted into predator population growth or reproduction (b) |
| In a simple experiment involving only predator and prey with no refuge, _____________ | predators will typically drive their prey to extinction |
| In the basic Lotka-Volterra equations that describe predator-prey interactions, the growth rate of the prey population (dNprey/dt) is zero when the density of predators (Nprey) is equal to what? | r/c |
| In the Lotka-Volterra model of predator-prey interactions, population growth is regulated through what? | reproduction for the predator and mortality for the prey |
| Quantitative inhibitors do what? | reduce digestibility of plant material |
| The ideal number of fish to catch to provide the most yield while sustaining fisheries is ______ | K/2 |
| The maximum number of prey consumed per predator per unit time is limited by what? | T/Th |
| The net outcome of predator-prey interactions in the basic Lotka-Volterra models is that ___________________ | predator and prey populations oscillate, with each predictably increasing and decreasing in response to the other |
| The profitability of a prey item increases/decreases as what? | increases as its E/Th increases |
| The sigmoidal relationship between prey density and per capita predation rate in a Type III functional response can be explained by all of the following factors, except what? | predator density |
| This figure (lynx and rabid population per km2) shows what? | lynx populations numerically respond to hare populations |
| When a predator drives down a prey population to a low abundance, it will often __________ | switch prey species |
| When predators come together in areas of high prey density, it is referred to as what? | an aggregative response |
| When prey produce so many offspring in a short period of time that predators can attack only a fraction of them, it is referred to as what? | predator satiation |
| Which animal does not employ protective armor for predator defense? a. beetle b. scorpion c. armadillo d. porcupine | b. scorpion |
| Which of the following caused massive declines in U.S. commercial fish populations? a. huge factory trawlers b. freak weather events in the 1980s c. foreign commercial fisherman d. recreational anglers | a. huge factory trawlers |
| Which of the following hunting methods has the lowest frequency of success but requires the least amount of energy? a. pursuit b. stalking c. satiation d. ambush | d. ambush |
| Which is positive numerical response of predator in response to increase in prey density? a. decr in predator reproduction b. incr in predator survival c. decr in predator mortality d. immigration of predators to area of high prey density | d. immigration of predators to area of high prey density |
| Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration? a. a brown bird that nests on the ground b. skunks with black and white stripes c. a deer with a large, white tail d. snakes with black, yellow, and red bands | a. a brown bird that nests on the ground |
| Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry? a. walking sticks that resemble twigs b. flounders whose colors resemble the sea floor c. stinkbugs that produce a noxious odor d. wasps with black and yellow bands | d. wasps with black and yellow bands |
| Which of the following is an induced defense? a. high-pitched alarm calls by a squirrel b. background color matching by a chameleon c. walking sticks resembling twigs d. bright coloration of poison dart frogs | a. high-pitched alarm calls by a squirrel |
| Which of the following is considered a nonlethal effect of predation? a. prey consumption b. reduced activity of prey c. reduced competition d. increased predator mortality | b. reduced activity of prey |
| Which of the following is functionally a true predator? a. planktivore b. parasitoid c. parasite d. grazer | a. planktivore |
| Which of the following is not a class of plant secondary compounds? a. phenolics b. nitrogen-based compounds c. alkanes d. terpenoids | c. alkanes |
| With a highly abundant prey population size, which component of the functional response is most reduced? a. handling time b. search time c. killing time d. prey population | b. search time |
| ____________ defenses are not permanently present but, rather, are brought about by the presence or action of predators. | Induced |
| ________ is a deliberate form of hunting with a quick attack. | Stalking |
| _________ is the consumption of one living organism by another. | Predation |
| __________ mimicry occurs when a nontoxic species closely resembles a toxic species, both of which are avoided by predators. | Batesian |
| _________ mimicry occurs when many unpalatable or venomous species share a similar color pattern. | Müllerian |
| ________ prey on autotrophs and do not kill the individuals they feed on. | Herbivores |
| A plant may be able to compensate for the loss of leaves by increasing the rate of __________ in the remaining leaves. | photosynthesis |
| A species that consumes both plant and animal tissue is called a(n) _________ | omnivore |
| A species that consumes only animal tissue is called a(n) ________ | carnivore |
| A Type _______ functional response describes the per capita rate of predation, which increases linearly with prey density. | I |
| A Type ______ functional response occurs when the rate at which prey are consumed is low at first, increases, and then decreases in an S-shaped fashion as the rate of predation approaches the maximum value. | III |
| A(n) _________ is an organism that lives on or within another without killing the host. | parasite |
| Animals that are boldly colored or patterned to warn potential predators possess warning coloration or ___________ | aposematism |
| Many plants use ________ defenses, such as hairy leaves, thorns, or spines, to deter herbivory. | structural |
| Most predators are also ______ to other predatory species. | prey |
| The concept of _________ energy is the basis for models of optimal foraging. | maximizing |
| The costs of foraging can be measured in terms of the time and ________ expended in the act of foraging. | energy |
| The cycle of change in the size of predator and prey populations in response of one to the other is known as __________ | oscillation |
| The increase in a predator's reproduction in response to an increase in the consumption of prey is known as the predator's ________ response | numerical |
| The movement of predators into areas of high prey density is a type of numerical response referred to as a(n) _______ response | aggregative |
| The per capita rate at which predators consume prey is assumed to increase ________ with the number of prey. | linearly |
| The recognition of a particular species as potential prey by a predator is called a(n) _______ image | search |
| The relationship between the per capita rate of consumption and the number of prey is known as the predator's ________ response | functional |
| The trade-off between conflicting demands faced by a predator is described by the ________ foraging theory. | optimal |
| ***A mutualism in which two species benefit when living together but can survive when apart is referred to as a(n) ___________ | facultative mutualism |
| Following infection, a typical first-line defense of the host's immune system is __________ | inflammation |
| How are fleas transmitted between hosts? | via direct transmission |
| How might ants on an acacia tree serve in a mutualistic relationship? | The ants fight off potential herbivores |
| If the competition coefficient α is positive, that likely means what? | that the species are mutualistic |
| Microparasites are usually characterized by what? | direct transmission from one host to another |
| Plant parasites that are photosynthetic but draw water and nutrients from their host plant are referred to as what? | hemiparasites |
| The intimate and protracted association between two or more organisms of different species is referred to as what? | symbiosis |
| The meningeal worm matures into an adult in the white-tailed deer. The deer are referred to as what? | a definitive host |
| The most debilitating external parasites of birds and mammals are spread by what? | direct contact |
| The presence of a mutualist might allow what to happen in terms of population dynamics? | The species could surpass its carrying capacity |
| The production of antibodies that results from the entrance of a foreign object such as a virus or bacterium, into the bloodstream of a host is referred to as what? | an inflammatory response |
| What reward do many organisms receive for pollinating flowers? | nectar |
| What would you predict would happen to a plant after being invaded by Rhizobium bacteria? | It would grow better |
| When infected by a parasite, an animal typically does what? | produces fewer offspring than a healthy individual |
| When the bacteria Wolbachia infects the wasp Nasonia vitripennis, what happens? | Females wasps produce more offspring |
| Which form of transmission is typically characterized by low virulence? a. indirect transmission b. vertical transmission c.horizontal transmission d. direct transmission | b. vertical transmission |
| Which of the following are always photosynthetic? a. holoparasites b. hemiparasites c. macroparasites d. microparasites | b. hemiparasites |
| Which of the following are symbiotic with corals? a. clownfish b. silica c. polyps d. zooxanthellae | d. zooxanthellae |
| Which of the following best explains the figure? (Shows scatter plot with conspicuous behaviors on the y axis and intensity of infection on the x axis - positive correlation) | High intensity infection leads to more conspicuous behavior |
| Which of the following factors is most strongly reduced with increased forest size? a. density of nymphs b. density of deer infected c. density of infected nymphs d. percent nymphs infected | c. density of infected nymphs |
| Which of the following is a macroparasite? a. bacterium b. tick c. virus d. protozoan | b. tick |
| Which of the following is a potential response by a plant host to a parasite? a. allelopathy b. increased production of lymphocytes c. formation of a gall d. more rapid growth of tissues | c. formation of a gall |
| Which of the following is an ectoparasite? a. fluke that inhabits the bloodstream b. virus that inhabits the lymphatic system c. bacterium that attacks the brain d. tick that attaches to the skin | d. tick that attaches to the skin |
| Which of the following is an endoparasite? a. tick b. mosquito c. tapeworm d. flea | c. tapeworm |
| Which of the following is associated with the increased incidence of Lyme disease? a. decreased forest patch size b. decreased white-footed mouse population c. decreased tick population d. decreased deer population | a. decreased forest patch size |
| Which of the following is the definitive host? a. free living stage b. soil c. deer d. snail | c. deer |
| Which of the following mutualisms is a cleaning mutualism in which one species removes ectoparasites from another? a. bees and flowers b. ants and acacias c. oxpeckers and large mammals d. corals and zooxanthellae | c. oxpeckers and large mammals |
| Which of the following mutualistic relationships have the largest impact on population dynamics? a. generalist pollinators b. nitrogen-fixing bacteria c. obligate mutualists d. seed-dispersing animals | c. obligate mutualists |
| Which of the following mutualists cannot survive without the mutualistic interaction? a. subordinate b. obligate c. dependent d. facultative | b. obligate |
| Which of the following symbiotic mutualisms involves a fungus? a. corals and zooxanthellae b. lichens c. legume-Rhizobium interactions d. gut microbe-ruminant interactions | b. lichens |
| Which of the following transmission modes is available for plants? a. intermediate vector b. multiple hosts and stages c. direct d. all of the above | d. all of the above |
| Which of the following uses a mosquito as a vector? a. Borrelia b. Parelaphostrongylus c. Plasmodium d. Anopholes | c. Plasmodium |
| White-tailed deer ingest snails/slugs that host larvae of meningeal worm. Worm larvae mature inside deer & eventually passed out w/ feces. Snails acquire larvae as they come into contact w/ deer feces on ground. Snails are example of what? | intermediate host |
| Why might a pine seed not have a wing to disperse via air currents? | lack of a seed coat on the pine seed |
| You see a killifish jumping around on the surface before it is consumed by a bird. You conclude the fish was ______ | infected with a trematode |
| __________ transmission occurs when a parasite is transferred from one host to another without the involvement of an intermediate organism. | Direct |
| A heavy load of parasites is termed a(n) ___________ | infection |
| A host species that harbors a developmental stage of a parasite, but in which the parasite does not reach maturity, is referred to as a(n) _______ host | intermediate |
| A lichen consists of a(n) ________ and an alga (or, in some cases, a cyanobacterium). | fungus |
| A relationship between two species in which both species benefit is called _______ | mutualism |
| A(n) ______ lives on or within the host organism for some period of its life. | parasite |
| After infection occurs, the first line of defense for a host against a parasite is the _____ response | inflammatory |
| After infection occurs, the second line of defense for a host against a parasite, which is elicited when a foreign object, such as a virus or bacterium, enters the bloodstream, is referred to as a(n) ________ response | immune |
| An animal that feeds upon nectar is referred to as a(n) ________ | nectivore |
| Parasites that live on the skin of their host are called ______ | ectoparasites |
| Plants often react to attacks on their leaves, stems, fruit, or seeds by forming abnormal structures called ________ | galls |
| Plants that rely on ants to disperse their seeds have an ant-attracting food body on the seed coat referred to as a(n) _________ | elaiosome |
| Relatively large parasites, such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoans, are referred to as __________ | macroparasites |
| Some parasites are transmitted between hosts by an intermediate organism, or _________ | vector |
| The host species in which a parasite becomes an adult and reaches maturity is referred to as a(n) ________ host | definitive |
| The mutualistic algae that live within the tissues of corals are called __________ | zooxanthellae |
| The mutualistic fungi that can live within the roots of certain plants are called ________ | mycorrhizae |
| The outcome of an infection is called a(n) _________ | disease |
| ***The view developed by H. A. Gleason that communities result from similarities in species' requirements and tolerances for environmental factors is referred to as the ________ concept of communities. | individualistic or continuum |
| A key limitation of the coefficient of community is that it lacks the ability to do what? | compare relative abundances of each species |
| An ecologist samples abundance of various species along environmental gradient & fails to find clusters of species. Peaks of abundance of dominant species are merely randomly spaced segments along a continuum. This distribution of species supports the ___ | individualistic or continuum concept of a community |
| If you get a Simpson's index of 1, this means what? | there is only one species in the community |
| In the following community, which serves as the keystone species? a. killer whales b. sea otters c. kelp bed d. sea urchins | b. sea otters |
| The garter snake in this diagram (food web - cultwork comes before and upland plover bird come after) is an example of a(n) ________ | intermediate species |
| The goal of restoration ecology is to what? | return the community to its pre-disturbance condition |
| The relative abundance of a tree with 100 individuals in a community of 1000 would be what? | 0.1 |
| The species at the top of a food web do what? | prey on other species and are not subject to predation. |
| What might be a result of hunting sea otters to extinction for their fur? | loss of kelp beds |
| When an ecologist compares the diversity of different communities by counting the number of species within each community, the measure of diversity being used is called _______ | species richness |
| Which description is true for most communities? a. A few species are common and the remainder are rare. b. All species are common. c. All species are rare. d. All species have approximately equal abundances. | a. A few species are common and the remainder are rare. |
| Which elevational gradient has the most species? | 1370-1680 m |
| Which is the most dominant species? a. most relative biomass b. largest in number c. highest in relative abundance d. All of the above can indicate dominance | d. All of the above can indicate dominance |
| Which of the following has the highest species richness? A community with a. 35 species of high evenness. b. 34 species of high evenness. c. 36 species with very low evenness. d. 33 species of low evenness | c. 36 species with very low evenness |
| Which of the following values of evenness represents a completely even distribution? a. 10 b. 0 c. 100 d. 1 | d. 1 |
| Which describes keystone species? a. common species that has strong effect on its community b. rare/uncommon species that has strong effect on community c. species that takes up great deal of space in community | b. rare/uncommon species that has strong effect on community |
| Zonation within a community is typically the result of differences in the ______ | physical characteristics of the environment across a spatial gradient |
| ________ index (D) represents the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong to the same species. | Simpson's |
| A _______ diagram plots each species in a community, beginning with the most abundant and ending with the least abundant, along the x-axis, with the corresponding value of relative abundance on the y-axis. | rank-abundance |
| A species that has a disproportionate impact on a community, relative to its abundance, is called a(n) _______ species | keystone |
| A straight-line diagram illustrating the flow of food energy from prey to predator is referred to as a food _______ | chain |
| A(n) ________ is a type of community with relatively consistent species composition; a uniform, general appearance; and a distribution that is characteristic of a particular habitat. | association |
| Changes in the physical and biological structures of communities as one moves across the landscape are referred to as _______ | zonation |
| In a food web diagram, groups of species that derive food energy from a similar source are called ______ levels | trophic |
| In a food web diagram, ________ species feed on no other species but are fed upon by others. | basal |
| In a forest community, the layer containing tall shrubs, small trees, and young trees is called the _________ | understory |
| In a forest community, the upper layer is called the _______ | canopy |
| The percentage of individuals in a community that belong to one species is called the relative _________ of that species | abundance |
| The simplest measure of community structure is a count of the number of species present and is referred to as species _________ | richness |
| When a single or a few species are most prevalent in a community, the species are called _________ | dominants |
| Within a community, a group of species that carries out similar functions or exploits the same resource is called a(n) ______ | guild |
| ***A diffuse species interaction infers the effects of ________ | competition by one species on another is weak |
| As the degree of environmental heterogeneity of a community increases, the number of plant and animal species tends to what? | increase |
| Considerable evidence indicates that the null model of community structure is incorrect because __________ | species interactions modify the fundamental niche of the species involved, influencing their relative abundance and, in some cases, their distribution |
| Experiments on competition among species within a community reveal that ________ | removing a group of species has a stronger effect than removing a single species from a community |
| Food webs are typically arranged into trophic levels with who at the bottom, middle, and top? | primary producers at the bottom, herbivores in the middle, and carnivores at the top |
| In looking at a distribution map you see an empty space where habitat conditions are suitable for that species. Why might that exist? | Other species outcompete it in that space |
| In Yellowstone National Park, the reintroduction of wolves has led to what? | a decrease in the elk population |
| Plant community structure along an environmental gradient can often be explained by ________________ | a trade-off among species with respect to competitive ability and stress tolerance |
| Removal of sea otters from a system results in a massive increase in sea urchins and subsequent loss of kelp beds. This is an example of what? | a trophic cascade |
| What does this figure (two groups of trees at bottom with graph above - bird species diversity on y axis and foliage height diversity on x axis -> positive correlation) suggest? | Increased foliage height diversity drives increased bird diversity |
| What is a misconception about the Canada lynx and snowshoe hare cycling? | Canada lynx are the only predators on snowshoe hares |
| What might one expect to see in a graph depicting realized niche space in a community? | reduced overlap between species resource use |
| When bass were removed from a stream, an algal bloom occurred. This is an example of what? | top-down control |
| Which is example of diffuse species interaction? a. Loss of starfish = in mussel outcompeting other species b. Canada lynx cause pop cycling in snowshoe hares c. Remove 1 beetle species from area = no effect d. Remove sea otters = kelp forest depleted | c. Remove 1 beetle species from area = no effect |
| Which of the following communities could exhibit apparent competition? Species that.... a. do not share either resources or a predator b. share a predator but not resources c. with diffuse interactions d. share resources but not a predator | b. share a predator but not resources |
| Which is an example of fundamental niche? a. lizard feeding on insects @ dawn when snakes are present b. bird nest @ top of tree in presence of pred c. mouse feeding on small seeds when competitor near d. amphibian laying eggs in all possible habitats | d. amphibian laying eggs in all possible habitats |
| Which is evidence against the null model? a. Invasive species cause Cali newts to go locally extinct b. Climate change alters abundance of robins c. Bristlecone pines can survive harsh winters d. Hurricanes can wipe out fauna on island | a. Invasive species cause Cali newts to go locally extinct |
| Which of the following organisms have benefited from wolf reintroduction? a. beavers b. grizzly bears c. woody plant species d. all of above | d. all of above |
| ______ or functional groups are groups of species in a community that are thought to have similar roles in the community. | Guilds |
| ______ predation is a type of indirect interaction in which a predator enhances the success of one or more inferior competitors by reducing the abundance of a superior competitor. | Keystone |
| A(n) _______ model of community structure assumes that the presence and absence of individual species in a community result from independent responses to the physical environment and interactions among species have no impact on community structure. | null |
| Patterns of temperature and __________ resulting from regional variations in climate are the major determinant of regional and global patterns of vegetation distribution. | moisture |
| The _____ is a group of plant and animal species that inhabits a given area. | community |
| Variation in environmental conditions within a community is referred to as environmental __________ | heterogeneity |
| When an indirect interaction is beneficial to one of two interacting species and neutral to the other, the indirect interaction is termed indirect _________ | commensalism |
| When prey populations are controlled by predators in a trophic level above them, they are said to be under ________ control | top-down |
Created by:
phebe
Popular Ecology sets