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BI-117 Wideman lab 3
Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nucleus | control center of the cell; necessary for cell reproduction; site of the genetic material (genes) DNA; contains nucleoli and is bound by nuclear membrane |
| plasma membrane | separates cell contents from the surrounding environment; double layered lipid structure that the protein molecules float in; determines which substances enter/leave the cell |
| cytoplasm | |
| chromatin | threadlike form of genetic material inside the nucleus when the cell is not dividing; coils and condenses to form darkly staining rod-like bodies called chromosomes during division |
| nuclear membrane | double layered porous membrane surrounding nucleus; similar to other cellular membranes, but has particularly large nuclear pores which permit large molecules like protein and RNA to pass easily |
| chromosomes | |
| nucleoli | |
| cytoplasm | the cell contents ouside the nucleus and is the major site of most activities carried out by the cell |
| microvilli | minute finger-like projections that greatly increase the surface of the cell |
| cytosol | the fluid part of the cytoplasm |
| organelles | small organs; metabolic machinery of the cell; organized to carry out specific activities for the cell as a whole |
| ribosomes | tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein; sites of protein synthesis; seen floating free or attached to a membrane structure (ER) in the cytoplasm |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm; rough ER is studded with ribosomes, smooth ER - a site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drub detoxification |
| golgi apparatus | stack of flattened sacs w. swollen ends and associated small vesicles; found close to the nucleus; plays role in packaging proteins & other substances for export from the cell or into the plasma membrane as well as packaging lysosomal enzymes |
| lysosomes | membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases); act to digest worn-out cell oranelles and foreign substances that enter the cell; if ruptured they have the capacity to totally destroy the cell |
| peroxisomes | small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals |
| mitochondria | rod-shaped bodies with a double-membrane wall; inner membrane has folds (cristae); contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy (ATP); 'powerhouses of the cell' |
| centrioles | paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleus; direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division; form the bases of cilia and flagella |
| microtubules | cytoskeletal element; form the the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape |
| microfiliments | cytoskeletal element; formed largly of actin, a contractile protein; are important in cell mobility - particularly in muscle cells |
| interphase | stage of cell life cycle; longer period when the cell grow and carries out its usual activities; genetic material (DNA) is replicated |
| cell division | stage of cell life cycle; when the cell reproduces itself by dividing; series of events called mitosis and cytokinesis |
| mitosis | stage of cell division; nuclear division; increase number of cells for growth and repair |
| cytokinesis | stage of cell division; division of the cytoplasm; after mitosis is nearly complete NOTE: at times cytoplasmic division does not occur & bi or multinucleate cells are formed; common in human liver & during ebryonic development of skeletal muscle cells |
| prophase | stage of mitosis; chromatin threads coil & shorten to form densely staining, short, bar-like chromosomes; |
| chromatid | formed during prophase; single strand of double stranded chromosomes |
| chromosomes | |
| centromere | button-like body connecting chromatid's to form chromosome |
| mitotic spindle | |
| stages of mitosis | interphase early prophase late prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis |
| metaphase | brief stage; chromostomes align along the central plane or equator of the spindle |
| anaphase | centromeres split and the chromatids separate from one another & move toward opposite ends of the cell with their 'arms' dangling behind; complete when poleward movement ceases |
| telophase | chromosomes uncoil and resume the chromatin form, the spindle breaks down and disappears, a nuclear membrane forms around each chromatin mass and nucleoli appear in each daughter nuclei |
| cytokinesis | a cleavage furrow begins to form over the equator of the spindle and eventually pinches the original cytoplasmic mass into two parts; once formed, the daughter cells grow and carry out the normal spectrum of metabolic processes |
Created by:
megmac
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