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A marine fish is ________ and tends to ________ water to/from the environment.
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A saltwater fish tends to be ________ to its surrounding aquatic environment.
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Ecology Exam 7/7
Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A marine fish is ________ and tends to ________ water to/from the environment. | hypoosmotic; lose |
| A saltwater fish tends to be ________ to its surrounding aquatic environment. | hypoosmotic |
| According to Bergmann's rule, as global temperature increases, what happens? | body size will decrease |
| All of the following characterize a hibernating homeotherm, except a. decrease in body temperature. b. low blood pH. c. high CO2 level in blood. d. increased heart rate. | d. increased heart rate. |
| An advantage of homeothermy is what? | that it allows the organism to remain active in a wide range of external temperatures |
| An animal has a very thin layer of insulation between its body core and surface causing it to have a very high ________. | thermal conductivity |
| Animals that feed on both plant and animal tissues are referred to as what? | omnivores |
| Immediately prior to flight in cool temperatures, some insects do what? | increase heat production by shivering flight muscles of the thorax |
| In cases where global temperature increase results in increased resource availability, what happens? | average body sizes are increasing |
| In comparison with a blue whale, a shrew has what? | a larger surface area relative to volume |
| In some species of herbivorous mammals, hindgut fermentation occurs in the _______ | caecum |
| In this figure, the slope of the lines for active lizards and inactive ones suggests what? | active lizards are regulating their temperature in some way |
| In which of the following is countercurrent heat exchange not known to occur? a. bird legs b. porpoise fluke c. primate hands d. beaver tail | c. primate hands |
| Long-distance transport of oxygen to the cells of animals is facilitated by what? | heart |
| Maintaining a relatively constant body temperature independent of external temperature is referred to as _______ | homeothermy |
| Many species of insects undergo a state of arrested development in their life cycle to avoid desiccation or cold, referred to as ______ | diapause |
| Many species of small mammals, especially those that hibernate, increase heat production by doing what? | burning highly vascular brown fat |
| Several amphibian species survive the winter using antifreeze chemicals by the process of ________ | supercooling |
| Some species of animals in cold environments lower the freezing point of water in their tissues by increasing solutes in their body fluids, especially what? | glycerol |
| The basal metabolic rate per unit of body mass is highest in a what? | small endotherm |
| The ingestion of fecal material for further extraction of nutrients is referred to as what? | coprophagy |
| The regulation of body temperature exclusively from the external environment is referred to as ________ | ectothermy |
| The respiration rate of homeotherms is proportional to what? | body size |
| The seasonal cessation of activities accompanied by a reduction in metabolism in response to cold temperatures during winter is called _______ | hibernation |
| The surface area of a cube increases how in relation to its length (l)? | 6l2 |
| Water flows over gills in the opposite direction of blood flow in a process known as what? | countercurrent exchange |
| What happens to a lizard's metabolic rate when the temperature increases 10°C? | The metabolic rate approximately doubles |
| Which of the following animals does not use lungs to acquire oxygen? a. bird b. frog c. butterfly d. whale | c. butterfly |
| Which of the following animals has the highest mass specific oxygen consumption? a. mouse b. sheep c. elephant d. man | a. mouse |
| Which of the following factors does not influence animal heat exchange? a. movement of blood to the body's surface b. conductivity of fat c. fat thickness d. oxygen diffusion rate | d. oxygen diffusion rate |
| Which of the following is a major problem for animals that live in hyperosmotic environments? a. obtaining enough oxygen b. access to mineral nutrients c. preventing heat loss d. preventing water loss | d. preventing water loss |
| Which of the following is an example of a conformer? a. starfish b. bird c. lizard d. rodent | a. starfish |
| Which of the following is done by toads to avoid hot, dry periods of the year? a. hibernation b. diapause c. torpor d. estivation | d. estivation |
| Which of the following is the concept associated with an animal shivering in a cold environment to stay warm? a. conformer b. torpor c. counter current heat exchange d. homeostasis | d. homeostasis |
| Which of the following would have the most surface area assuming the same volume? a. a tube b. a perfect sphere c. a golf ball d. a cube | a. a tube |
| _____ is a long, seasonal torpor characterized by a cessation of activity. | Hibernation |
| _______ is required in aerobic respiration, a cellular process that releases energy through the breakdown of organic compounds. | Oxygen |
| _______ is the maintenance by an animal of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment. | Homeostasis |
| An organism that obtains its energy and most nutrients from consuming plants or animals is called a(n) _______ | heterotroph |
| Animals that feed exclusively on the tissues of other animals are called ______ | carnivores |
| Animals that generate body heat metabolically at some times and from the environment at other times are referred to as ______ | heterotherms |
| Animals that generate internal heat metabolically are called _____ | endotherms |
| Aquatic organisms that have a lower salt concentration in their bodies than the surrounding water are considered _______ | hypoosmotic |
| Birds and reptiles have a _______, which is a common receptacle for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts that reabsorbs water back into the body. | cloaca |
| Herbivores are unable to digest ______ and thus rely on the help of specialized bacteria and protozoa living in their digestive tracts. | cellulose |
| Herbivores are unable to synthesize about half of the 20 ______ that are required to make proteins. | amino acids |
| Herbivores typically prefer plants with the highest concentrations of ______, an element that is probably detected by taste and odor. | nitrogen |
| In marine mammals, lipids are typically deposited as a layer of fat just below the skin, referred to as _______ | blubber |
| Many insects undergo ________, a stage of arrested development in their life cycle from which they emerge when conditions improve. | diapause |
| Smaller bodies have a larger surface area relative to their _______ than do larger objects of the same size. | volume |
| Some herbivorous mammals have four-chambered stomachs in which fermentation occurs in the first chamber, known as the _______ | rumen |
| Some sharks and tunas possess a _________, a blood circulation system that allows them to keep internal temperatures higher than external temperatures. | rete |
| The _____ zone is a range of environmental temperatures within which homeothermic metabolic rates are minimal. | thermoneutral |
| The predictable change in morphological and physiological features as a function of body size is referred to as _______ | scaling |
| The process of temporarily dropping body temperature to the temperature of the environment for part of the day is called daily ______ | torpor |
| The smaller a homeotherm, the _______ the loss of heat to the surrounding environment. | greater |
| Thermal ________ is the ability of an organism to transmit heat. | conductivity |
| To conserve heat in a cold environment and to cool vital parts of the body under heat stress, some animals have a _______ heat exchange system. | countercurrent |
| Using the figure, the country of ________ may possibly lose migrating ungulate populations if global climate change shifted precipitation patterns. | Kenya |
| When insulation fails, many animals resort to _______, which is a form of involuntary muscular activity that increases heat production. | shivering |
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