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Ecology Exam 5/7
Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A gene is _______ | a stretch of DNA coding for a polypeptide chain (sequence of amino acids). |
| A gradual change in phenotype across an environmental gradient, such as white-tailed deer changing gradually in size from large in the north to small in the south, is referred to as ______ | a cline |
| A transgenic organism is one that has what? | has received genetic information from another organism |
| According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, which of the following must be true for gene frequencies in a population to remain the same? | Mating is random |
| An allele that completely masks the effect of another allele is considered what? | dominant |
| Bt corn is what? | a variety that possesses genes from a bacterium |
| Geographic isolates of a particular species that differ from other populations by one or more characteristics are considered to be what? | subspecies |
| Identical twin raccoons are raised in different environments and yet behave very differently. This is an example of what? | the norm of reaction |
| If a population has an allele frequency of 1.0, you would say that what? | genetic variation of that allele is low |
| If birds with larger beaks are favored by the environment, it is likely that ________ selection will occur. | directional |
| In a population with a q allele frequency of 0.6, what would the frequency of allele p be? | 0.4 |
| In the Hardy-Weinberg equation P + H + Q = 1, what does "Q" represent? | frequency of recessive homozygotes |
| In tiger salamanders one phenotype is cannibalistic while another is not. Both are stable strategies. Which form of selection is best represented by this scenario? | disruptive |
| Individual beak size of individual finches of the Galápagos Islands does what? | will greatly influence individual survival |
| Measurements of bill length in pop. of seed-eating birds reveals 2distinct groups: small-billed individuals feeding on soft-shelled seeds and large-billed individuals feeding on hard-shelled seeds. This bimodal distribution most likely resulted from what? | disruptive selection |
| Peter and Rosemary Grant are known for their work on what? | Darwin's finches |
| Plants grown under a medium light condition would exhibit how much biomass? | 20g |
| Researchers Rosemary and Peter Grant have discovered that beak size frequency of Galápagos Island medium ground finch populations varies with all the following, except a. seed hardness. b. seed color. c. seed size. d. rainfall. | b. seed color. |
| Several years of heavy precipitation occur on the Galápagos Islands. What do you predict would happen to the beaks of Darwin's medium ground finches? | Offspring beak depth would increase |
| Squirrels tend to have larger body sizes at higher latitudes. This could be an example of what? | a cline |
| The alternate forms of a gene are called ____ | alleles |
| The color of a flower is controlled by two alternative alleles at a single locus, R (red) and r (white). If an individual has the Rr alleles, it is considered to be what? | heterozygous with a red color |
| The effect of positive assortative mating is to do what? | increase the number of homozygotes in the population |
| The expression of different phenotypic traits for a given genotype under different environmental conditions is referred to as what? | developmental plasticity |
| The fitness of an individual is measured by what? | the proportionate contribution it makes to future generations |
| The Galápagos Islands are inhabited by 13 species of Darwin's finches that evolved from a single species. This is an example of what? | adaptive radiation |
| The gene pool refers to all of the genetic information within a _____ | population |
| The mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species is what? | Natural Selection |
| The movement of genes between populations is referred to as what? | Gene flow |
| The simplest response an individual organism can make to a change in environmental conditions is to what? | move to a more suitable location |
| The specific traits of a particular organism enabling it to survive, grow, and reproduce within a given environment are called ______ | adaptations |
| The tongue length of an animal is controlled by two alternative alleles at a single locus, L (long) and l (short). If an individual has parents that are both homozygous dominant, it will be what? | homozygous dominant with a long tongue |
| Traits that have a continuous distribution are known as ______ | quantitative traits |
| Under which of the following conditions would genetic drift exert the greatest influence? a. a very small population b. a very large population c. a population that has access to sufficient resources d. a population with a large range | a. a very small population |
| What is the allele frequency of q in a population with genotypic frequencies of P = 0.3, H = 0.4, and Q = 0.3? | 0.5 |
| What is the primary original source of genetic variation in a population? | mutation |
| Which of the following characteristics is an example of a qualitative trait? | flower color |
| Which of following represents acclimation? a Poisonous animals brightly colored to ward off predators b Trop trees grow taller than temperate ones to compete for light c Marine lionfish able in freshwater in estuaries d Deeper beaks evolve in a pop | c. Marine lionfish are able to tolerate freshwater in estuaries |
| _____ are heritable changes in a gene or chromosome. | Mutations |
| ______ is the differential success of individuals in a population in response to environmental conditions. | Natural Selection |
| _____ is the mating of individuals in the population that are more closely related than expected by random chance. | Inbreeding |
| ______ mating occurs when individuals choose mates nonrandomly with respect to some phenotypic trait. | Assortative |
| A population of a species that is distinguishable from other populations by one or more characteristics is referred to as a(n) _______ | subspecies |
| A(n) ______ individual has the same alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. | homozygous |
| A(n) ______ is a measurable, gradual change over a geographic region in the average value of a trait. | cline |
| A(n) ______ is a population that has adapted to its unique local environmental conditions. | ecotype |
| A(n) ______ is any heritable behavioral, morphological, or physiological trait of an organism that has evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection. | Adaptation |
| All of the DNA in a cell is collectively called the _______ | genome |
| An organism's structure and _______ reflect adaptations to its particular environment. | function |
| If the physical expression of a heterozygous individual is intermediate between those of the homozygotes, the alleles are ______ | codominant |
| Phenotypic characteristics that have a continuous distribution are considered to be _______ traits. | quantitative |
| Reversible phenotypic changes in an individual organism in response to changing environmental conditions are referred to as ___________ | acclimation |
| The alternate forms of a gene are called ______ | Alleles |
| The outward appearance of an organism for a given characteristic is called its _________ | phenotype |
| The phenotypic trait that selection acts upon directly is referred to as the _____ of selection. | target |
| The process by which one species gives rise to multiple species that exploit different features of the environment is called _______ | adaptive radiation |
| The sum of genetic information (alleles) across all individuals in a population at any one time is called the ________ | gene pool |
| The type of natural selection in which the mean value of a trait is shifted toward one extreme is called ________ selection. | directional |
| When genetic variation occurs among subpopulations of the same species, it is known as genetic _________ | differentiation |
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