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Ecology Exam 4/7
Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The two physical factors that vary most in terrestrial environments are ________ and ________. | temperature and precipitation |
| The wavelengths that make up the visible light spectrum are referred to as ________ radiation. | photosynthetically active |
| A soil that is 10% silt, 80% sand, and 10% clay would be considered what? | loamy sand |
| A waxy layer coating the aerial parts of most plants, such as stems and leaves, which reduces water loss is referred to as the ____ | cuticle |
| All the following factors affect the attenuation of light in water, except a. phytoplankton. b. intensity of light. c. dissolved substances. d. water itself. | c. dissolved substances. |
| Aluminum is toxic to plants because it does what? | damages the roots, reducing nutrient uptake. |
| As soil acidity increases, the concentration of ________ increases. | Al3+ |
| Dark clay soils that show significant expansion and contraction due to wetting and drying are referred to as what? | vertisols |
| Each of the following is a challenge faced by a terrestrial plant except a. variability in air temperature b. cells and tissues to maintain structure c. buoyancy d. desiccation | c. buoyancy |
| Generally, an ion with a ________ positive charge and ________ size will bind most strongly to a soil particle. | greater; smaller |
| If a tree 50 meters (m) high has 30,000 leaves, the surface area of the leaves is 300 m2, and the amount of ground covered by the tree's canopy is 75 m2. The leaf area index (LAI) is ______ | 4 |
| Leaching is ______ | the movement of solutes through soil. |
| Light availability within a forest is lowest in what layer? | ground layer |
| Negatively charged particles in the soil are referred to as what? | colloids |
| No till farming is advantageous because it does what? | reduces soil erosion |
| Organisms that live in aquatic systems experience limited temperature fluctuations due to water's what? | high specific heat |
| Soil in regions with high rainfall or in low-lying areas associated with poor drainage form through the process of what? | gleization |
| Soil is formed from the layer of unconsolidated debris overlaying hard, unweathered rock referred to as ______ | regolith |
| Soil particles are classified on the basis of ____ | Size |
| Soils developing from sand and silt carried by the wind are referred to as _____ | eolian |
| Soils rich in iron oxide are what color? | yellowish-brown or reddish |
| The amount of water a soil holds at field capacity is greatest for what? | clay |
| The available water capacity is highest for what soil type? | intermediate clay loam soils |
| The Dust Bowl occurred where? | in the Great Plains |
| The E horizon of soils is characterized by the maximum amount of what? | leaching of mineral particles |
| The general relationship between available light and leaf area index (LAI) is described by what law? | Beer's law |
| The leaf area index (LAI) of a temperate deciduous forest is highest during what time of year? | summer |
| The mechanical destruction and/or chemical modification of rock into smaller particles is called what? | weathering |
| The most shallow soils occur in or on where? | steep slopes |
| The rocky area at the bottom of the photo would be considered which section of a soil profile? | unconsolidated material |
| The smallest particles occurring in soil are referred to as what? | clay |
| The soil horizon in which leached mineral particles such as clay and salts tend to accumulate is the _______ horizon | B horizon |
| The soil-forming process occurring in cool, moist climates of midlatitude regions where coniferous vegetation dominates is referred to as what? | podzolization |
| The soil-forming process that occurs naturally in desert basins and along the coast and is a problem in agricultural areas where irrigation is practiced is what? | salinization |
| The surface layer of soils is referred to as the _______ | O horizon |
| Under which conditions are the processes of weathering, leaching, and input of organic material from plants into soil maximized? | warm temperatures and abundant water |
| When the amount of water in soil exceeds what the pore space can hold, the soil is _______ | saturated |
| Which of the following is a common soil anion? | NO3- |
| Which of the following soils holds the most water? | clay loam in a valley |
| Which of the following statements is incorrect? a Topography affects the erosion of parent material b Plant roots stabilize the soil surface c Plants move nutrients from deep in the soil to the surface d Soil develops very rapidly, w/in several years | d. Soil develops very rapidly, within several years |
| Which wavelength of light penetrates through plant cover the farthest? a. far-red (730 nm) b. violet (400 nm) c. red (660 nm) d. green (500 nm) | a. far-red (730 nm) |
| ______ are positively charged particles in the soil that attract anions. | cations |
| ______ is a process common to soils found in humid environments in the tropical and subtropical regions. | laterization |
| _____ is a property of soils that is determined by the different sizes and types of particles in soils. | Soil texture |
| ______ matter (particularly humus) makes soil dark or black. | Organic |
| A collection of natural bodies of earth, composed of mineral and organic matter and capable of supporting plant growth, is referred to as _____ | soil |
| A rock that is broken into smaller fragments as a result of freezing and thawing has experienced _____ weathering. | mechanical |
| A sequence of horizontal layers of soil is referred to as a soil _____ | profile |
| About 75%-95% of living cells, both plant and animal, is composed of _______ | water |
| Animal life depends on the _______ within a region to provide the essential resources of food and cover. | vegetation |
| Distinct layers in the soil that are created by localized chemical and physical processes are called _____ | horizons |
| In low-lying areas with poor drainage, ______ results in a black or bluish-gray soil with a high organic content. | gleization |
| In the temperate regions of the world, many forest tree species are ______, shedding their leaves during the winter months. | deciduous |
| Particles of ______ control the water-holding capacity of soil and ion exchange. | clay |
| Regions that are subjected to heavy volcanic activity have dark soils called _________ | Andisols |
| Soil formation begins with the _____ of rocks and their minerals. | weathering |
| Soils with a pH greater than 7 are considered to be _______ | basic or alkaline |
| The ______ exchange capacity is a basic measure of soil quality and increases with higher clay and organic matter content. | cation |
| The ______ point is the stage at which the moisture level in soil decreases to a level at which plants can no longer extract water. | wilting |
| The amount of light at any depth in the canopy is affected by the number of ________ above. | leaves |
| The amount of water retained by the soil between field capacity and wilting point is the available water _____. | capacity |
| The largest particles of soil are referred to as _______ | gravel |
| The movement of solutes through the soil is known as _____ | leaching |
| The parent material of soils originating from sand and silt carried by the wind is referred to as ____ | eolian |
| The process of mineral particles such as clay and salts accumulating in the B layer of soils is referred to as _____ | illuviation |
| When the amount of water in a soil exceeds what the pore space can hold, the soil is ______ | saturated |
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phebe
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