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Ecology Exam 2/7
Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain the differences between weather, climate, and microclimate. Which is most important for individual organisms? Give an example. | Weather - temp, humidity, precip, wind, cloud, & other atm conditions that occur @ specific place & time in short term. Climate is long-term avg. pattern of weather @ local/regional/global. Microclimate is climate of small specif area dif from climate |
| The narrow region near the equator where trade winds meet is referred to as the ________. | Intertropical Convergence Zone |
| _______ is considered a primary influence on microclimate. | Aspect |
| A scientist traveling on a boat from Alaska to Antarctica took daily measurements of atmospheric pressure. At which latitudes were the lowest pressures found? | subpolar (~60°) and tropical (~0°) latitudes |
| As air rises over a mountain, it does what? | cools and tends to lose moisture in the form of precipitation. |
| Between 30°-60° north latitude, wind currents typically blow from where? | west to east and are deflected toward the right |
| During winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the Intertropical Convergence Zone _______ | is shifted into the southern latitudes. |
| If the current trend continues, what do you predict the temperature anomaly will be in 2025? | 0.6 |
| If the Earth spun in the opposite direction what would change? | The equator would become as cold as the poles. |
| If the vapor pressure is 1 kPa, what would be the approximate dew point? | 10°C |
| In contrast with north-facing slopes, south-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere are characterized by _______ | greater soil moisture |
| In the Northern Hemisphere, the shortwave radiation is highest during the _________ | June solstice |
| In the vicinity of 30° north and 30° south, air typically what? | descends, warms, and is dry |
| Incoming radiation exceeds outgoing radiation at or near where? | equator |
| Of the following areas on Earth's surface, which area moves fastest and has the greatest linear velocity? a. Tropic of Cancer (23.5° north) b. North Pole (90° north) c. Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° south) d. Equator (0°) | d. Equator (0°) |
| Only 51 percent of incoming solar radiation actually reaches Earth's surface. Most of the remaining 49 percent of incoming radiation is reflected back to space by ___________ | clouds and the atmosphere |
| Precipitation is generally greater where? | in coastal areas than in interior areas |
| Relative humidity is the _____ | amount of water vapor in the air relative to the saturation vapor pressure |
| Seasonal variation in solar radiation, temperature, and day length is due to the _________ | tilt of the Earth's axis. |
| Solar radiation in December is greatest at ______ | 90° in the Southern Hemisphere. |
| Some variation in the solar radiation striking the Earth's surface is linked to ________ activity. | sunspot |
| Surface currents in the ocean typically are what? | are colder on the western side of continents. |
| The difference between climate and weather is that _____ | climate is the long term pattern of weather |
| The Northeast trade winds occur where? | between the equator and the north pole |
| The systematic patterns of water movement are known as______ | currents |
| The transformation of water from a liquid state to a gaseous state is known as _______ | evaporation |
| The two major atmospheric gases that absorb energy from the Sun are what? | carbon dioxide and water vapor |
| Weakening of trade winds results in what? | flooding in Peru |
| What causes shifts in the dry and wet seasons of the tropics? | ITCZ |
| What might be an accurate albedo measure of the surface of a glacier? | 0.9 |
| Where is temperature variation the greatest? | in the temperate regions |
| Which of the following is a greenhouse gas? a. ozone b. carbon dioxide c. nitrogen d. oxygen | b. carbon dioxide |
| Which of the following occurs near the equator? a. the Hadley cell b. the Ferrell cell c. the Polar cell d. the Westerlies | a. the Hadley cell |
| Which side of the mountain receives the most precipitation? | windward side |
| Why do beaches often have less extreme temperature variation than inland areas? | The ocean moderates the temperatures |
| Why is the ocean off the coast of Florida warmer than it is off the coast of Western Mexico? | Ocean currents are coming from the tropics rather than the poles. |
| Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would what? | be much colder than it currently is |
| ________ is the amount of water vapor in the air expressed as a percentage of the saturation vapor pressure. | relative humidity |
| A period of cooling that lasted from approximately the mid-14th to the mid-19th century is referred to as the ______ | Little Ice Age |
| Air masses are deflected to the ______ in the Northern Hemisphere and to the ________ in the Southern Hemisphere. | right; left |
| Carbon dioxide and ______ are the major gases in the atmosphere that absorb energy from the sun. | water vapor |
| During an El Niño event, the waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean are unusually ______ | warm |
| In the Northern Hemisphere, the summer ________ occurs when solar rays fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer. | solstice |
| In the Southern Hemisphere, oceanic gyres circulate in a(n) _____ direction. | counterclockwise |
| Most organisms live in habitats that provide specific conditions or a(n) _____ that may be very different from regional weather patterns. | microclimate |
| Rainfall is greater and the vegetation more dense on the windward side of a mountain range than on the leeward side, where a(n) _____ is formed. | Rain shadow |
| Seasonality occurs on planet Earth because of its ______ with respect to the plane it travels around the Sun. | axial tilt |
| The______ is the temperature at which atmospheric water condenses. | dew point |
| The absorption and re-radiation of longwave radiation by gases in the atmosphere is called the _______. | greenhouse effect |
| The amount of force exerted over a given area of surface is called atmospheric ________. | pressure |
| The long-term average pattern of weather at local, regional, or global scales is referred to as ________. | climate |
| The temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, cloudiness, and other atmospheric conditions that occur at a specific place and time are referred to as _______. | weather |
| The transformation of water from a liquid to a gaseous state is referred to as ______ | evaporation |
| The winds formed between the equator and about 30 degrees of latitude, blowing from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and southeast in the Southern Hemisphere, are referred to as _______. | trade winds |
| There is a strong positive correlation between rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and __________. | global temperature |
| With increasing altitude, air density ______. | decreases |
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phebe
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