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NATS 1565 Units 4-5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kcal | Kilocalorie 2000 kcal/day Raise 1g of water 1degree celsius |
| Macronutrients | Carbs, fats (lipids), proteins |
| Micronutrients | Vitamins and minerals |
| Carbs types | Monosaccharides - 1 sugar disaccharides - 2 sugars polysaccharides - 3 or more sugars/complex sugars |
| Monosaccharides | general formula is C6 + H12 + O6 glucose, galactose, fructose ose suffix |
| Disaccharides | Sucrose - glucose + fructose Maltose - glucose + glucose Lactose - glucose + galactose |
| Polysaccharides | Repeating glucose units Cellulose - hard to digest Starch in plants (Amylose; amylopectin) Glycogen in Animals |
| Types of fiber | Insoluble and soluble |
| Insoluble | ex. cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin - indigestible adds bulk to feces and makes a passage way for it through the colon increased risk of colon cancer |
| Soluble | Pectins, glycopectins Butyric acid lowers blood cholesterol levels |
| Proteins | made of amino acids 9 essential 11 nonessential (grabbed from food sources) |
| Types of proteins | Complete and Incomplete proteins As plants are mostly incomplete, there are complementary proteins meaning you eat a variety of plants in one meal to get all 11 nonessential amino acids |
| Lipids | Fats and Cholesterol Common trait - insoluble in water Types - triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids |
| Triglycerides | made of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| Fatty acids types | Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated Essential fatty acids |
| Saturated fatty acid | single carbon bonds raises LDL and HDL levels eg. lard, butter, beef fat Solid at room temp |
| Monounsaturated fatty acid | one double carbon bond raises HDL, lowers LDL liquid at room temp eg. canola oil, olive oil |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | two or more double carbon bonds lowers HDL and LDL liquid at room temp eg. veggie oil, soybean oil |
| essential fatty acids | most obtained during food consumption linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic |
| LDL | Low-density lipoprotein Bad cholesterol |
| HDL | High-density lipoprotein Good cholesterol Transports cholesterol to liver for elimination |
| Fat soluble v. water soluble vitamins | fat soluble: vita A, D, E, K; stored in fat tissues; may be toix if megadosed water soluble: vita B-complex, C; dissolved in water and ecreted by urine, usually destroyed in cooking; nontoxic |
| fat soluble vita deficiencies | A - night blindness, xerphthalmia D - rickets in kids, osteomalacia in adults E - unknown K - bloodclotting |
| fat soluble vita mega doses | A - D - calcium deposits in soft tissues E - K - |
| B complex | B1 (Thiamine)* B2 (riboflavin) B3 (Niacin)* B6 (pyridoxine) Pantothenic Acid B9 (Folic Acid)* Biotin, B12 (Cobalamin)* |
| Results of water soluble vita deficiency | B1 - beriberi (fatigue, depression) B3 - pellagra (four ds - dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea death) Follic Acid - anemia, spina bifida (neural tube defects) B12 - Pernicious anemia C - scurvy |
| Mineral types | Calcium Iron Iodine |
| Mineral deficiencies | Calcium - osteoporosis Iron - Iron deficiency anemia Iodine - endemic or simple goiter |
| Iron consumption | best consumed with vitamin C heme from animals nonheme from plants |
| Modified stems | Stolons/runners (above; horizontal) Rhizomes (underground;hori) Tubers (underground; enlarged tip of rhizomes) Corms (found in monocots; food stored in stems) Bulbs (found in monocots; food stored in papery leaves) |
| Modified roots | tuberous roots (thin; network) taproots (one big thick) |
| Bananas | Musa genus typer acuminata and balbasina reproduce asexually herbaeceous monocots susceptible to pathogens |
| White Potato | Origins - Peru Name - Solanum tuberosum Family Solanaceae - Night shade Growth - tubers and stems; seed propagation |
| Nutritional value of potatoes | Rich in carbs Low proteins but good protein quality Fat-free Good sources of vitamins, minerals, and fiber, especially in periderm |
| Sweet potato | Name - Ipomoea batatas Grown in tropics, warm and temperate regions Not related to white potatoes Propagated through stem cuttings Tuberous root |
| Nutritional value of sweet potatoes | Rich in carbohydrates, including sugars. 50% more calories than white potato. Low in protein. Good sources of minerals and vitamins, especially A and C. |
| Cassava | Manihot esculenta Other names - tapioca, yuca Asexually reproduced Stem cutting propagation Cyanogenic glycosides - poisonous if cassava isn't processed Kwashiorkor - protein deficiency |
| Yams | Discorea source of sapogenins birth control pill |
| Taro | corm mainly starch, low protein |
| Starch | Amylose - unbranched Amylopectin - branched ratio of the two = glycemic index |
| Early sites of agriculture | Eastern NA Tehuacan and Oaxaca Valleys in Meixco Southamerican highlands Fertile crescent in Near East Yangtze and Yellow River valleys of China (Far East) New Guinea Highlands |
| Fertile Crescent (Near East) | Iraq, Jordan, Israel etc Home to Wheat, barley, peas, lentil Cattle, goats, sheep |
| Wheat types | Triticum aestivum - bread, pastries, cereales (most used) Triticum durum - noodles, pasta, some bread (less used) |
| Wheat nutrients | Whole grian has 12.9% protein Cereals have incomplete proteins and low in lysine and tryptophan Refined wheat is the least healthy |
| Rise of bread | Gluten causes elasticity in bread dough Egyptians - leavened bread - wheat processed without heat |
| Importance of cats | Egypt and China Cats were domesticated for protection of crops against field mice |
| Far East (China) | Rice (Oryza sativa) - Yangtze River Valley; food for over 2 billion people Millet - Yellow River Valley Silkworm - 5000 years ago |
| Agriculture of Oryza sativa | Air chambers in stem allow for better air transfer between stem and root; allows rice to survive in flooded soils Flooded fields - paddies |
| Azolla | Small aquatic fern Contains Anabaena azollae; nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium = reduces need for fertilizers |
| Domestication of dog | 30,000 years ago |
| Domestication of chicken | originally found in the jungle drawn to dryland rice fields |
| New world (Mesoamerica) | Tehuacan Valley Central Mexico Oaxaca Southern Mexico Provided Squash, avocado, corn, beans, tomato, peanut |
| Teosinte | species which corn evolved from subspecies - Zea mays |
| Types of corn | Popcorn Sweetcorn Flour corn Flint corn Dent corn - most used in the US for animal feed, corn starch and corn meal Pod corn |
| Value of corn | Can used used for: Biofuel, corn starch, corn meal, corn oil, corn flour, corn syrup, laundry starch, pharmaceutical fillers, glues, packing materials |
| The New World - Central and South America | Central and South home to Squash South home to Chili peppers, llama, alpaca, guinea pig |
| The New World - North America | Home to : Sunflower Marsh elder Goosefoot Gourd |
Created by:
Bouken
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