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02/11/2025
Radiology and Dental Imaging Vocabulary Module 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ALARA concept | Concept of radiation protection that states that all exposures should be kept “as low as reasonably achievable.” |
| Anode (AN-ode) | The positive electrode in the x-ray tube. |
| Atom | The basic unit of matter. |
| Bremsstrahlung radiation | “Braking radiation.” The sudden deceleration of electrons as they interact with highly positively charged nuclei. |
| Cathode (KATH-ode) | The negative electrode in the x-ray tube. |
| Central ray | X-rays at the center of the beam. |
| Contrast | Differences in degrees of blackness on an image. |
| Control panel | The portion of the x-ray unit that contains the master switch, the indicator light, the selector buttons, and the exposure button. |
| Density | The overall darkness or blackness of an image. |
| Dental radiography (ray-dee-OG-ruh-fee) | The process of recording images of the teeth and adjacent structures by exposure to x-radiation. |
| Digital imaging | A filmless method of capturing an image and displaying it by using an image receptor, an electronic signal, and a computer to process and store the image. |
| Distortion | Change in the size of an image caused by incorrect vertical angulation. |
| Dose (of radiation) | The amount of energy absorbed by tissues. |
| Dosimeter | A device used to detect and measure an accumulated dosage of radiation. |
| Electron | A negatively charged particle in the atom. |
| Energy | The ability to do work. |
| Extension arm | Flexible arm that is attached to the x-ray tubehead. |
| Genetic (juh-NE-tik) effects | Effects of radiation that are passed onto future generations through genetic cells. |
| Image | Film-based or digitally produced recordings of anatomic structures. |
| Image receptor | A recording medium for an image, normally film, phosphor storage plate (PSP), or a digital sensor. |
| Intensity | The total energy of the x-ray beam. |
| Ion (EYE-on) | An electrically charged particle. |
| Ionization (eye-uh-ni-ZAY-shun) | Process by which electrons are removed from atoms, causing the harmful effects of radiation in humans. |
| Ionizing (EYE-uh-nye-zing) radiation | Radiation that produces ionization, resulting in harmful effects. |
| Kilovoltage (KIL-uh-voel-tuj) peak (kVp) | Highest voltage of x-ray tube used during an exposure. |
| Latent (LAY-tent) period | Time between exposure to ionizing radiation and appearance of symptoms. |
| Lead apron | Device used to protect the reproductive and blood-forming tissues from scatter radiation. |
| Magnification | The proportional enlargement of an image. |
| Master switch, indicator light, selector buttons, exposure button | Components of the control panel. |
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has form or shape. |
| Milliampere (mil-ee-AM-peer) (mA) | One one-thousandth (1/1000) of an ampere; a unit of measurement used to describe the intensity of an electrical current. |
| Penumbra (puh-NUM-bruh) | The blurred or indistinct area that surrounds an image. |
| Personal radiation monitoring badge | A device that measures exposure of personnel to ionizing radiation by measuring the intensity of visible light emitted from a crystal in the detector when heated. The intensity of light emitted is dependent upon the radiation exposure. |
| Photon (FOE-ton) | A minute (tiny) bundle of pure energy that has no weight or mass. |
| Primary beam | The most penetrating beam produced at the target of the anode. |
| Primary radiation | Same as primary beam. |
| Quality (of x-ray beam) | The mean energy or penetrating ability of the x-ray beam. |
| Quantity (of x-ray beam) | The number of x-rays produced in the dental unit; the quantity of x-rays produced is controlled by milliamperage. |
| Radiation | Forms of waves of energy emission through space or material. |
| Radiograph (RAY-dee-oe-graf) | Image produced on photosensitive film by exposing the film to radiation and then processing it. |
| Radiology (ray-dee-OL-uh-jee) | The science or study of radiation as used in medicine. |
| Scatter radiation | A form of secondary radiation that occurs when an x-ray beam has been deflected from its path by interaction with matter. |
| Secondary radiation | X-radiation that is created when the primary beam interacts with matter. |
| Sensor | A solid-state image receptor that contains a silicon chip with an electric circuit. |
| Sharpness | A measure of how well an image reproduces the fine details or outline of an object. |
| Somatic (soe-MAT-ik) effects | Effects of radiation that cause illness and are responsible for poor health (such as cancer, leukemia, and cataracts) but are not passed onto offspring. |
| Thyroid collar | A flexible lead shield that is placed securely around the neck. |
| Tubehead | The part of the x-ray unit that contains the x-ray tube, the high-voltage and low-voltage transformers, and insulating oil. |
| Tungsten target | A focal spot in the anode. |
| X-radiation | High-energy ionizing electromagnetic radiation. |
| Automatic processor | Machine that automates all film processing steps. |
| Beam alignment device | Assists in the positioning of the position indicator device (PID). |
| Bitewing | Image view that shows the crowns of both arches on one film. |
| Calcium tungstate | Common type of phosphor. |
| Cassette | Contains extraoral films during exposure. |
| Cephalometric film | Shows the bony and soft tissue areas of the facial profile. |
| Charge-coupled device (CCD) | A solid-state image sensor used in intraoral digital imaging. |
| Digital image | Electronic signals captured by sensors and displayed on computer monitors. |
| Digitize | Scanning of traditional film-based radiographs into a digital image. |
| Duplicating film | Film designed for use in film duplicating machines. |
| Emulsion (ee-MUL-shun) | A coating on the x-ray film that contains energysensitive crystals. |
| Extraoral film | Film designed for use in cassettes. |
| Film speed | The sensitivity of the emulsion on the film to radiation. |
| Intensifying screen | The part inside an extraoral cassette that converts x-ray energy into visible light, which in turn exposes screen film. |
| Intraoral film | Film designed for placement in the patient’s mouth. |
| Label side | Colored side of the film that faces the tongue. |
| Latent image | The invisible image on the x-ray film after exposure but before processing. |
| Occlusal | Radiographic view that shows large areas of the maxilla or mandible. |
| Panoramic film | Used in cassettes to provide a wide view of both the upper and lower jaws. |
| Periapical (per-ee-AP-i-kul) | Radiographic view that shows the crown, root tip, and surrounding structures. |
| Phosphor storage plate (PSP) | Reusable film-sized plates coated with phosphor as the image receptor. |
| Positioning instruments | Intraoral devices used to position and hold the film, sensor, or PSP. |
| Processing | A series of steps that change exposed film into a radiograph. Steps include developing, rinsing, fixing, washing, and drying. |
| Radiograph (RAY-dee-oe-graf) | Image produced on photosensitive film by exposing the film to radiation and then processing it. |
| Teledentistry | Process of using electronic transfer of images and other information for consultation and/or insurance purposes in dentistry. |
| Tube side | Solid white side of the film packet that faces the x-ray tube. |
| Automatic processor | A machine that automates all film processing steps. |
| Beam alignment device | Assists in the positioning of the position indicator (PID) |
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