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Biology final

1st Semester final

QuestionAnswer
Polar Bond Unequal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar Bond Equal sharing of electrons
Hydrogen Bond Weak bonds between polar molecules
Ionic Bond Transfer of electrons forming charged ions
Water's Unique Properties as a Molecule Polar, bent shape, forms hydrogen bonds
Water's Unique Properties in a Drop High cohesion (sticks to itself). Adhesion (sticks to other substances). High specific heat (resists temperature changes). Ice floats (less dense than liquid water).
Three Parts of Cell Theory 1.All living things are made of cells. 2.Cells are the basic unit of life. 3.All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotes Simple, no nucleus, unicellular
Eukaryotes Complex, with a nucleus and organelles multicellular
Archaebacteria Found in extreme environments
Eubacteria Found in common environments
Cell Membrane Controls entry/exit of substances
Nucleus Stores DNA, and controls the cell.
Ribosome Makes proteins.
Mitochondria Produces energy (ATP).
Chloroplast Performs photosynthesis (plants).
Cell Wall Provides structure (plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
Lysosome Breaks down waste.
Binary Fission Asexual; one cell splits into two identical cells
Conjugation Exchange of genetic material through a pilus.
Bacterial Shapes Cocci: Spherical. Bacilli: Rod-shaped. Spirilla: Spiral-shaped.
Aerobic Requires oxygen
Anaerobic No oxygen needed
Viruses Characteristics Non-living, need a host cell to replicate.
Viruses Lytic Cycle Virus replicates, causing cell lysis.
Viruses Lysogenic Cycle Viral DNA integrates into host DNA and remains dormant.
Diffusion Molecules move from high to low concentration.
Active Transport Molecules move against the gradient using ATP.
Passive Transport Molecules move along the gradient without energy.
Osmosis Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
Hypertonic Water moves out; cell shrinks.
Hypotonic Water moves in; cell swells.
Isotonic No net movement; cell stays the same.
Photosynthesis CO2+6H2O+sunlight→C6H12O6+6O26CO_2 + 6H_2O + sunlight C_6H_O_6 + 6O_26CO2​+6H2​O+sunlight→C6​H12​O6​+6O2​ Occurs in chloroplasts.
Created by: Ella_hagenah
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