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Biology Exam #5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biome | major life zone characterized by vegetation type, physical, and climactic factors |
| native range expansions | a species moves out of its original range,: they may become invasive, adapt to new environment (adaptive radiation), might die off |
| species richness | is the number of different species in the community |
| relative abundance | is the proportion each species relative of all individuals in the community |
| dominant species | most abundant or have the highest biomass, often invasive |
| keystone species | not usually abundant in the community, but have major influence over the community structure |
| ecological succession | gradual change in the community (species present) in an area over time after a disturbance |
| primary succession | severe disturbance (volcano) or new land, virtually lifeless |
| secondary succession | occurs after a disturbance that leaves soil in the area |
| competition | (-/-) when organisms interact directly/indirectly for a resource that is in short supply, ex: lions and hyenas fighting over a carcass |
| exploitation | (+/-) a relationship between two species where one species benefits at the expense of another, includes predation (fox eats bunny), herbivory (cow eats grass), and parasitism (tick on human) |
| mutualism | (+/+) a relationship between two species where both species benefits from the relationship, ex: acacia tree and ants |
| commensalism | (+/0) a relationship between two species where one species benefits and the other is not impacted, ex: remora fish and sharks |
| dead zones | areas of water bodies where oxygen levels are too low for aquatic life to survived, these can form from run-off from farms with an excess of nitrogen in the soil, the nitrogen cause algae to form and block other photosynthetic plants to grow |
| carbon cycle | the process that moves carbon between plants, animals, and microbes; minerals in the Earth; and the atmosphere |
| nitrogen cycle | the process where nitrogen moves through the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms, transforming between different chemical forms, primarily through the actions of bacteria |
| conservation of mass | matter cannot be created or destroyed |
| conservation of energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| trophic levels | Primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer: each level only gets about 10% of the energy from what it consumes |
| net ecosystem production | total amount of new biomass added per area per unit time in an ecosystem |
| secondar production | amount of energy in a consumer's food that is incorporated into their own new biomass (and therefore available to the next trophic level) |
| population | group of individuals of a single species living the same general area |
| density | number of individuals per unit area |
| dispersion | pattern of spacing among individuals in that population |
| sampling methods | mark-release-recapture, sampling plots |
| community | a group of multiple different species that are living in the same area and therefore have the potential to interact |
| benefits of a more diverse community | - more productive; they produce more biomass - more stable in there productivity - better able to withstand and recover rom environmental stresses - more resistant to invasive species, organism that become established outside their native range |
| resource partitioning | differentiation of ecological niche so that two species can coexist in a population, ex: barnacles, mice |
| density independent factors | change in birth/death rate that is NOT related to the number of individuals in the population, ex: natural disasters, drought, flood, fire |
| density dependent factors | decrease in birth rate or increase in death rate as a result of increasing population density, ex: competition for resources, territoriality, predation, disease, accumulation of toxic waste products |
| r-selected | selection for traits that are advantageous in low density, little competition, small offspring, low parental investment, rapid development, short lifespan, lower ability to compete, type III survivorship, unpredictable environments ex: ants |
| k-selected | selection for traits that are advantageous at high densities (close to carrying capacity), more competition, fewer/larger offspring, high parental investment, slower development, long lifespan, type I & II survivorship curves, predictable, ex: humans |
| semelparity | reproduces once in lifetime, "big bang", often dies after the event, ex: ants |
| iteoparity | reproduces several times, usually in seasons, ex: elephants |
| gross primary production | the amount of solar energy that is converted to chemical energy by a primary producer |
| net primary production | GPP - the amount of energy that is lost in heat and cellular respiration |
| fundamental niche | the niche potentially occupied by a species |
| realized niche | the niche actually occupied by that species |
| clumped dispersion | individuals aggregate in patches and may be influenced by resource availability and behavior, ex: starfish |
| uniform dispersion | individuals are evenly distributed, may be impacted by territorial behaviors, ex: penguins |
| random dispersion | the position of individuals is independent, there is nothing pushing them away or toward each other |
| type I survivorship | low death rates during early and middle life and an increase among older groups, ex: humans |
| type II survivorship | constant death rates over organisms lifespan, ex: squirl |
| type III survivorship | high death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors |
| logistic model | more realistic but not absolute, incorporates carrying capacity (mac population size the environment can support) |
| exponential growth | cannot be sustained for long in any population |
| biotic factors | other organisms that are apart of the ecosystem, ex: predation, parasitism, competition, disease |
| abiotic factors | nonliving attribute, ex: chemical (water oxygen pH soil) and physical (temperature light soil structure fire moisture) |
Created by:
epmartin17
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