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3 sem 1-40

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1. What major inventions influenced the development of computers? Key inventions include the abacus, mechanical calculators, the Analytical Engine, vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits.
2. What is the difference between mechanical and electromechanical computer generations? Mechanical computers use physical mechanisms, while electromechanical computers combine mechanical parts with electrical components for faster operations.
3. What modifications were employed in digital generations of computers (5 generations)? Digital generations introduced vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and artificial intelligence technologies.
4. How are computers classified? Computers are classified by size, purpose, and functionality, such as supercomputers, mainframes, servers, desktops, laptops, and embedded systems.
5. What are servers designed for? Servers are designed to manage, store, and provide resources or services to other computers on a network.
6. What are the principle differences between a supercomputer and a mainframe? Supercomputers are optimized for high-speed calculations, while mainframes are designed for reliability and handling vast amounts of data.
7. What are basic components of a desktop PC? Basic components include the CPU, motherboard, RAM, storage (HDD/SSD), GPU, power supply, and input/output devices.
8. What is a computer? A computer is an electronic device that processes, stores, and retrieves data according to programmed instructions.
9. What is hardware? Give a definition. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system.
10. Name three main sections of hardware. What are peripherals? What parts do peripherals consist of? Main sections are input, output, and processing devices. Peripherals are external devices like keyboards, monitors, and printers.
11. What types of storage devices can you name according to how the data is written or read? Types include magnetic, optical, and solid-state storage devices.
12. What magnetic, optical, and flash memory storage devices can you name? Examples include HDDs (magnetic), CDs/DVDs (optical), and SSDs/USB drives (flash memory).
13. What is software? Give a definition. How is software classified? Software refers to programs and instructions that control computer operations. It is classified as system software, application software, and middleware.
14. Name main components of System Software. (3 components) Main components are the operating system, utility programs, and drivers.
15. What is an operating system? What are the main OS functions? An OS manages hardware and software resources, provides a user interface, and ensures system stability and security.
16. How do single-tasking and multitasking operating systems work? Single-tasking OS executes one task at a time, while multitasking OS allows multiple processes to run concurrently.
17. In what way do cooperative and preemptive operating systems differ? Cooperative OS relies on processes to yield control, while preemptive OS forcibly manages process time allocation.
18. What operating system allows a user to make changes? What is the difference between open-source and proprietary software? Open-source OS like Linux allows user modifications, whereas proprietary software like Windows does not.
19. What are the differences between CLI and GUI? CLI uses text-based commands, while GUI provides graphical elements for user interaction.
20. What is the distinct feature of GUI? What does WIMP stand for? GUI features icons and visual elements; WIMP stands for Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointers.
21. What application programs are commonly used? Give examples. Common programs include word processors (MS Word), spreadsheets (Excel), and browsers (Chrome).
22. What are the three main parts does the CPU consist of? What is the function of the CPU? The CPU includes the control unit, ALU, and registers, functioning as the brain of the computer to execute instructions.
23. What registers are mentioned in the text? What are their functions? Registers like the accumulator, instruction register, and program counter store data for immediate processing.
24. How do you decipher RAM and ROM? Which is volatile and why? RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile because it loses data when powered off; ROM (Read-Only Memory) is non-volatile.
25. What is the role of a bus inside the computer system? A bus transfers data and signals between components in the computer.
26. What is the fastest memory in the computer system? Cache memory is the fastest.
27. What is the main function of the CPU cache? The cache stores frequently accessed data to speed up processing.
28. What is the difference between write-through cache and write-back cache? Write-through cache updates main memory immediately, while write-back updates it only when necessary.
29. Which memory is more expensive and takes up more space, DRAM or SRAM? SRAM is more expensive and larger than DRAM.
30. How is data stored on magnetic storage devices (HDD)? Describe in detail. Data is stored magnetically on spinning disks, with read/write heads accessing sectors and tracks.
31. What is the difference between seek time and transfer rate? Seek time measures how fast the head reaches the data, while transfer rate measures data reading/writing speed.
32. What are the main formats of optical storage devices? What are pros and cons of optical storage media? Formats include CD, DVD, and Blu-ray; pros are durability, cons are slower speeds and limited capacity.
33. What components do SSDs consist of? What benefits of SSD can you name? SSDs consist of NAND flash memory and controllers; benefits include speed, durability, and lower power consumption.
34. Which secondary storage doesn’t refer to hardware? Name main advantages of cloud computing. Cloud storage; advantages are scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness.
35. What is a network? How are networks classified? A network connects devices for communication and resource sharing, classified as LAN, WAN, and MAN.
36. What is the difference between peer-to-peer and client-server architecture? Peer-to-peer connects devices directly, while client-server uses central servers for resource management.
37. What is a topology? Name all wired topologies. Topology defines a network’s layout; wired topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh.
38. Name all networking devices. Each device has its own specification and is used for a particular purpose. Describe their main functions (modems, routers, hubs, switches, bridges, gateways). Devices include modems (internet access), routers (network traffic), hubs (basic connection), switches (data forwarding), bridges (LAN linking), and gateways (protocol conversion).
39. What wireless networks do you know? Describe in detail. Wireless networks include Wi-Fi, cellular (4G/5G), Bluetooth, and satellite; each varies in range and speed.
40. What is the OSI model? How many layers does it consist of? The OSI model is a framework for network communication with seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application.
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