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Ichthyology families
families and their typical species and any special features
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Petromyzontidae | Lampreys. No pectoral or pelvic fins. Seven pore-like gill openings on each side of head. Single nostril. |
| Polyodontidae | Paddlefish. Tail is heterocercal and forked. Sub-terminal mouth. Endoskeleton mostly cartilaginous. Snout extremely long and paddle-like, with 2 minute barbels on ventral surface. No scales |
| Acipenseridae | Sturgeons. Tail is heterocercal and forked. Sub-terminal mouth. Endoskeleton mostly cartilaginous. Shout short and rounded or shovel shaped, with 4 barbels on ventral surface. Body has several rows of bony plates. |
| Lepisosteidae | Gars. Abbreviate heterocercal tail. Snout is long, with no gular plate. Dorsal fin is very far back, beginning behind anal fin insertion. Ganoid scales. |
| Amiidae | Bowfin. Abbreviate heterocercal tail. Snout is short and rounded. Dorsal fin is large with many rays, and begins far anterior to anal fin. Cycloid scales. |
| Anguillidae | Eels. Homocercal tail. No pelvic fins. Dorsal, caudal, and anal fins continuous. Scales so small they appear to be scaleless. |
| Ictaluridae | Catfishes. Homocercal tail. Adipose fin present. Pectoral and dorsal fins with 1 large spiny ray. Mouth has 4-8 barbels around it. Scaleless. |
| Percopsidae | Trout-perch. Homocercal tail. Adipose fin present. 1-3 weak dorsal spines. 1-2 anal spines. 1 small pelvic spine. Scales strongly ctenoid. |
| Salmonidae | Trouts and whitefishes. Homocercal tail. Adipose fin present. Mouth can be large or small. No spines present. Cycloid scales. |
| Osmeridae | Smelt. Homocercal tail. Adipose fin present. Large mouth with strong teeth. End of maxillary (jaw) extending behind middle of eye. Fewer than 75 scales in lateral line. |
| Lotidae | Burbot. Homocercal tail. Very wide dorsal and anal fins. One prominent barbel on chin. Wide mouth. Cycloid scales. |
| Aphredoderidae | Pirate Perch. Homocercal tail. Anal opening in front of pelvic fins. Cycloid scales. |
| Gasterosteidae | Stickleback. Homocercal tail. 4-6 disconnected dorsal spines. 1 stout spine on each pelvic fin. Large eyes. Scaleless. |
| Cyprinidae | Exotic carp and goldfish. Homocercal tail. Dorsal fin with one stout spine doubly serrated posteriorly. Cycloid scales. |
| Hiodontidae | Mooneyes. Homocercal tail. Eyes partially covered by adipose eyelids. Scaleless head. Dorsal fin situated over anal fin base. Few, short gill rakers. Lateral line complete. Cycloid scales. |
| Clupeidae | Herrings. Homocercal tail. Eyes partially covered by adipose eyelids. Scaleless head. Dorsal fin situated over pelvic fin base, or slightly behind it. Many long and slender gill rakers. No lateral line. Ribcage is keeled. Cycloid scales. |
| Catostomidae | Suckers. Homocercal tail. Mouth sucker-like, with bumpy lips. Scaleless head. Teeth only on pharyngeal arches, a single row of more than 15 teeth. Prominent strong pectoral and pelvic fins. Cycloid scales. |
| Leuciscidae | Native Minnows. Homocercal forked tail. Anal fin placed slightly forward. Principal caudal rays typically 19. Pharyngeal arch with 1-3 rows of teeth. Cycloid scales. |
| Esocidae | Pikes. Homocercal forked tail. Duck-like snout with large, canine teeth. Many very tiny scales in lateral series. Back of head without scales. Cycloid scales. |
| Esocidae (mudminnows) | Mudminnows. Homocercal rounded tail. Pectoral fins also rounded and closer to tail than snout. Pre-maxillaries not protractile (don't extend). Cycloid scales. |
| Fundulidae | Killifishes. Homocercal rounded tail. Top of head flat and broad. Upturned mouth. Dorsal and anal fins far back and similar in size. Pelvic fins small and far back. Sleek shape. Male and female have similar anal fins. Cycloid scales. |
| Poeciliidae | Livebearers. Homocercal rounded tail. Top of head flat and broad. Upturned mouth and very large eyes. Rounded belly. Male and female with differently shaped anal fins. Cycloid scales. |
| Atherinopsidae | Silversides. Homocercal forked tail. Big eyes and pointy lips. Short pelvic fin with 1 small spine. 2 well separated dorsal fins. Less than 6 weak spines in first dorsal fin. Second dorsal fin smaller than anal fin. Long and skinny body. Cycloid scales. |
| Cottidae | Sculpins. Homocercal rounded tail. Large triangle shaped head with eyes on top. Mouth large, with large gill coverings. Dorsal fins close together, with more than 6 rays/spines in first dorsal fin. Very large pectoral fins, small pelvic fins. Scaleless. |
| Moronidae | Basses. Homocercal tail. Dorsal fins separated. Spine on opercle flap. 3 or more stiff, sharp anal spines. Cycloid scales. |
| Centrarchidae | Sunfishes and blackbasses. Homocercal tail. Dorsal fins completely conjoined or only separated by a deep notch. No spine on opercle flap. 3 or more stiff, sharp anal spines. Cycloid scales. |
| Percidae | Perches. Homocercal tail. Body torpedo-shaped. Lateral line does not extend into tail. Sharp pharyngeal teeth and large eyes pointing at 45* angles upward. Separated dorsal fins. |
| Sciaenidae | Freshwater drum. Homocercal rounded tail. Flat, slab-like body with a hunchback. Flattish molar teeth. Dorsal fins separated by deep dip. Many spines in first dorsal fin. Lateral line extends into caudal fin. 2nd anal spine huge and heavy. |
| Gobiidae | Gobies. Homocercal tail. Very large pectoral fins. No lateral line. Pelvic fins fused together. Separated dorsal fins. First dorsal fin with many spines. Second dorsal fin and anal fin very wide. Eyes on very top of head. Size less than 4 in. |
Created by:
clarematt8
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