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Micro Lesson 1

prokaryotes, chemical principles, introduction

QuestionAnswer
prokaryote greek: prenucleus
eukaryote greek: true nucleus
Prokaryote one circular chromosome, not in a membrane no histones no membrane bound organelles peptidoglycan cell walls divides by binary fission
Eukaryote multiple chromosomes, in nuclear membrane histones membrane bound organelles polysaccharide cell walls, when present divides by mitosis
bacterial cell average size 0.2 - 2.0 um diameter x 2 - 8 um length
single shape monomorphic (most bacteria)
many shape pleomorphic
bacillus rod-shaped
coccus spherical-shaped
spiral vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
shapes of bacterial cells bacillus, coccus, spiral, star-shaped, rectangular
pairs diplococci, diplobacilli
clusters staphylococci
chains streptococci, streptobacilli
groups of four tetrads
cubelike groups of eight sarcinae
gram positive plasma membrane, periplasmic space, thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acids
gram negative plasma membrane, periplasmic space, thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide) and protein protect from immune system
cell wall gives shape and rigidity to cell prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane point of anchorage of flagella eubacterial cell wall made of peptidoglycan can contribute to pathogenicity
peptidoglycan polymer of repeating disaccharide in rows: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by polypeptides
teichoic acids lipoteichoic acid links cell wall to plasma membrane wall teichoic acid links peptidoglycan carry negative charge regulate movement of cations
antigenic specificity provided by polysaccharides and teichoic acids
peptidoglycan contained by periplasm between outer membrane and plasma membrane
outer membrane made of polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids
O polysaccharide functions as antigen
lipid A endotoxin embedded in top layer
porins (proteins) form channels through membrane
periplasm functions digestion by hydrolytic enzymes and transport by proteins
atypical cell walls acid fast cell walls; no cell wall
acid fast cell walls like gram positive cell walls, waxy lipid (mycolic acid), mycobacterium (stain with carbolfuchsin)
no cell wall mycoplasma
lysozyme hydrolyzes bonds in peptidoglycan
penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
protoplast wall-less gram-positive cell; susceptible to osmotic lysis
spheroplast wall-less gram-negative cell; susceptible to osmotic lysis
glycocalyx secreted onto the surface; sugar husk; external to the cell wall; viscous and gelatinous; made of polysaccharide and/or polypeptide; can contribute to virulence
types of glycolax capsule and slime layer
capsule neatly organized and firmly attached; prevent phagocytosis
slime layer unorganized and loose
Created by: academicvictim
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