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Micro Lesson 1
prokaryotes, chemical principles, introduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryote | greek: prenucleus |
| eukaryote | greek: true nucleus |
| Prokaryote | one circular chromosome, not in a membrane no histones no membrane bound organelles peptidoglycan cell walls divides by binary fission |
| Eukaryote | multiple chromosomes, in nuclear membrane histones membrane bound organelles polysaccharide cell walls, when present divides by mitosis |
| bacterial cell average size | 0.2 - 2.0 um diameter x 2 - 8 um length |
| single shape | monomorphic (most bacteria) |
| many shape | pleomorphic |
| bacillus | rod-shaped |
| coccus | spherical-shaped |
| spiral | vibrio, spirillum, spirochete |
| shapes of bacterial cells | bacillus, coccus, spiral, star-shaped, rectangular |
| pairs | diplococci, diplobacilli |
| clusters | staphylococci |
| chains | streptococci, streptobacilli |
| groups of four | tetrads |
| cubelike groups of eight | sarcinae |
| gram positive | plasma membrane, periplasmic space, thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acids |
| gram negative | plasma membrane, periplasmic space, thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide) and protein protect from immune system |
| cell wall | gives shape and rigidity to cell prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane point of anchorage of flagella eubacterial cell wall made of peptidoglycan can contribute to pathogenicity |
| peptidoglycan | polymer of repeating disaccharide in rows: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by polypeptides |
| teichoic acids | lipoteichoic acid links cell wall to plasma membrane wall teichoic acid links peptidoglycan carry negative charge regulate movement of cations |
| antigenic | specificity provided by polysaccharides and teichoic acids |
| peptidoglycan | contained by periplasm between outer membrane and plasma membrane |
| outer membrane | made of polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids |
| O polysaccharide | functions as antigen |
| lipid A | endotoxin embedded in top layer |
| porins (proteins) | form channels through membrane |
| periplasm functions | digestion by hydrolytic enzymes and transport by proteins |
| atypical cell walls | acid fast cell walls; no cell wall |
| acid fast cell walls | like gram positive cell walls, waxy lipid (mycolic acid), mycobacterium (stain with carbolfuchsin) |
| no cell wall | mycoplasma |
| lysozyme | hydrolyzes bonds in peptidoglycan |
| penicillin | inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan |
| protoplast | wall-less gram-positive cell; susceptible to osmotic lysis |
| spheroplast | wall-less gram-negative cell; susceptible to osmotic lysis |
| glycocalyx | secreted onto the surface; sugar husk; external to the cell wall; viscous and gelatinous; made of polysaccharide and/or polypeptide; can contribute to virulence |
| types of glycolax | capsule and slime layer |
| capsule | neatly organized and firmly attached; prevent phagocytosis |
| slime layer | unorganized and loose |
Created by:
academicvictim
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