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Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do males produce sex hormones? | Hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland with GNRH to gonads with LH and FSH to release and used also as a negative feedback loop. |
| What does testosterone help males develop? | Male secondary sexual characteristics |
| What are the three stages of the ovarian cycle? | follicular, ovulation, luteal |
| In the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle, what happens to FSH and LH? | FSH dips as inhibin increased due to inhibin reducing FSH release. LH surges at the end due to an increased amount of estrogen as the follicle grows. |
| What happens to LH, FSH, progesterone, and estrogen in ovulation? | FSH and LH both dip back to their original level for the remainder of the cycle. Corpus luteum, progesterone and estrogen form a half circle shape. Progesterone is higher then estrogen. Corpus albicane, both go back to normal but estrogen becomes higher. |
| What hormone maintains the corpora lutea and prevents menstration? | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (GCH) |
| Why does the male penis engorge during arousal? | The erectile tissue fills with blood , veins compress, and arteries dilate. |
| How are metabolic changes in the penis during arousal signaled? | The autonomic nervous system uses nitrous oxide |
| In the female reproductive system, what structure engorges during sexual arousal? | Glans clitoris |
| In the penis, what portion pushes out semen? Where do contractions begin to cause ejaculation? | Vas deferens and along the urethra |
| In relation to orgasms, what occurs in males that does not occur in females? | refractory period |
| How does the resolution stage differ between males and females? | It is mandatory for males but not necessary for females/ |
| How is semen moved through the female reproductive track? | The uterus contracts rhythmically to push the semen along |
| What is the main difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis? | Spermatogenesis produces four haploid cells while oogenesis produces two diploid cells |
| What is the time frame for oogenesis? | chromatids duplicate while in the room and then freeze until puberty. |
| What is cleavage in reference to human embryonic development? | the process of cell division in the early stages of human embryonic development, after fertilization (egg to zygote) |
| What is the second step of human embryonic development? | Morphogenesis shapes the embryo through the migration of cells. |
| What are the steps of morphogenesis? | egg to zygote to 2-cell stage to 4-cell stage to morula to blastocyte |
| What is a morula? | ball of cells |
| What is a blastocyte? | inner cell mass |
| What happens if the morula splits into two? | identical twins may form |
| What structure surrounds the embryo? | extraembryonic membranes |
| What is the chorion and where is it? | The outermost membrane that uses villi for absorption |
| What and where is the allantois? | A structure that extends inferiorly to the embryo that will eventually become the urinary bladder. |
| What and where is the yolk sac? | The portion inferior to the allantois that is the original site of blood cell formation. |
| What and where is the amnion? | The innermost membrane that provides lubrication and protection for the embryo |
| What is the embryo like around 4-5 weeks? | body stalk connects embryo to chorion, body stalk becomes umbilical cord, head and tail lift while body stalk moves anteriorly, can see "limb buds", head enlarges and sense organs become visible. |
| What is the embryo like between six and eight weeks? | head grows a neck, nervous system enables reflexes, organ systems are established |
| What is fetal circulation? | system that allows a fetus to receive nutrients and oxygenated blood from the placenta |
| How does fetal circulation work? | The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and the fetus gets nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the blood vessels in the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord sends waste products back to the mother's circulation to be removed. |
| What occurs in months 3 and 4 of pregnancy? | relatively large fetal head, bone formation begins, sex is determined, cranium is composed of fontanels |
| What occurs in months 5-7 of pregnancy? | noticeable fetal movement while maintaining fetal position, translucent skin with lanugo hairs, and vernix caseosa covers fetus to protect from amniotic fluid |
| ,What occurs during months eight and nine of pregnancy? | major weight gain from fat accumulation, head points toward cervix, feedback loop of contractions (brain stimulates pituitary to secrete oxytocin, then oxytocin induces contractions, then contractions cause release of prostaglandins=more oxytocin release |
| What portion of the chromosome determine sex? | The SRY region of the Y chromosome |
| What chromosomes show female and male (generally) | XX= female, XY= male |
| What happens when the SRY is present versus not present? | When present, male biological features. When absent, female biological features (default). |
| What is the process of external genital development? What hormone is used? | @6 weeks a small bud forms, then @9 weeks the urogenital groove forms and is surround by swelling. The hormone used is Dihydrotestosterone (DHT). |
| What is XY female syndrome? | broken Y chromosome and faulty SRY gene |
| What is XX male syndrome? | occurs when the SRY gene translocates onto an x chromosome during spermatogenesis. |
| What is ambiguous sex determination? | absence of one of the three male causing hormones, externally female but no female gonads |
| What is androgen-insensitivity syndrome? | genetically male but born with all female features (testicles remain internal w/ few outward signs or symptoms. |
| What is the placenta? | disc of tissue that connects the mothers uterus to the umbilical cord, formed from the zygote when fertilized egg is implanted into uterine wall. |
| What is the ovarian follicle? | small sac filled w/ fluid found within the ovaries |
| What is the corpus luteum? | temporary structure after ovulation that releases progesterone |
| What is the corpus albicans? | degenerated luteum, avascular with no blood supply and no hormone production |
| What is independent assortment? | the alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another |
| What is the law of segregation? | When an organism makes gametes each gamete receives just one gene copy which is selected randomly |
| What is an allele? | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| What is epistasis? | interaction of genes that are not alleles, in particular the supression of the effect of one such gene by another |
| What is incomplete dominance? | When both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype. |
| What is codominance? | genetic phenomenon where two different versions of a gene called alleles are expressed equally resulting in simultaneous display of traits |
Created by:
embordignon
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