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Chapters 8 & 9
DNA, Transcription and Translation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, it's the genetic code of life and built from two parallel strands of repeating units called nucleotides |
| Nucleotide | sugar (deoxyribose/ribose) + phosphate + nitrogen base |
| DNA makes up.... | genes |
| What are purines? | double rings |
| What nitrogen bases are purines? | Adenine and Guanine |
| What are pyrimidines? | single rings |
| What nitrogen bases are pyrimidines? | Cytosine and Thymine |
| What pattern did Erwin Chargaff notice in DNA? | In all living things, the number of G molecules always equals the number of c molecules, the number of A molecules always equals the number of T molecules |
| What pairs with A (DNA)? | T |
| What pairs with T (DNA & RNA)? | A |
| What pairs with C (DNA & RNA)? | G |
| What pairs with G (DNA & RNA)? | C |
| What pairs with A (RNA)? | U |
| What is the shape of DNA? | Double helix (in which two strands are twisted around each other) |
| When does DNA replication occur? | Synthesis phase of the cell cycle |
| DNA replication is.... | the duplication of a DNA molecule |
| What is step 1 of DNA Replication? | The 2 strands of DNA unwind and the hydrogen bonds are broken be a molecule called DNA Helicase |
| What is step 2 of DNA Replication? | The main molecule involved in DNA replication is DNA polymerase, which 1) DNA polymerase joins individual nucleotides, according to the base pairing rules, to produce a DNA molecule 2) DNA polymerase also "proofreads" each new DNA strand |
| What is step 3 of DNA Replication? | DNA ligase connects segments to complete the new DNA strand |
| Why is DNA replication known as semiconservative replication? | Because one "old" strand (template) is kept or conserved in each new double helix |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, it's made up of the sugar ribose |
| What is the shape of RNA? | single stranded, single helix |
| RNA is involved in our.... | gene expression |
| Gene Expression | the process by which genes are transcribed into RNA and then translated to make proteins |
| Transcription | the process where RNA is synthesized based on the DNA template |
| What RNA is made during transcription? | messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| What is step 1 of Transcription? | RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on the DNA and separates the DNA strands |
| What is step 2 of Transcription? | The RNA polymerase knows where to start by binding to promoter sites on the DNA molecule |
| Promoter sites | specific base sequences to signal the start of a gene |
| What is step 3 of Transcription? | RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of mRNA |
| What is step 4 of Transcription? | Transcription stops when the RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of bases called the terminator |
| What are the two parts of genes? | introns and exons |
| introns... | do not code for anything |
| exons... | code for the protein being made |
| When may RNA splicing occur? | Only right after mRNA |
| What bonds the phosphates together? | covalent bonds |
| What bonds the nitrogen bases together? | hydrogen bonds |
| RNA splicing | the process in which the introns are snipped out so that only the exons are joined to generate the mature mRNA that can leave the nucleus |
| Gene | a section of the DNA that codes for a trait |
| Gene Expression | the process by which genes are transcribed into RNA and then translated to make proteins |
| Transcription | the process where RNA is synthesized based on the DNA template |
| What RNA is made during transcription? | messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| What is step 1 of Transcription? | RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on the DNA and separates the DNA strands |
| What is step 2 of Transcription? | The RNA polymerase knows where to start by binding to promoter sites on the DNA molecule |
| Promoter sites | specific base sequences to signal the start of a gene |
| What is step 3 of Transcription? | RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of mRNA |
| What is step 4 of Transcription? | Transcription stops when the RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of bases called the terminator |
| What are the two parts of genes? | introns and exons |
| introns... | do not code for anything |
| exons... | code for the protein being made |
| When may RNA splicing occur? | Only right after mRNA |
| What bonds the phosphates together? | covalent bonds |
| What bonds the nitrogen bases together? | hydrogen bonds |
| RNA splicing | the process in which the introns are snipped out so that only the exons are joined to generate the mature mRNA that can leave the nucleus |
| Gene | a section of the DNA that codes for a trait |
| Gene Expression | the process by which genes are transcribed into RNA and then translated to make proteins |
| Transcription | the process where RNA is synthesized based on the DNA template |
| What RNA is made during transcription? | messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| What is step 1 of Transcription? | RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on the DNA and separates the DNA strands |
| What is step 2 of Transcription? | The RNA polymerase knows where to start by binding to promoter sites on the DNA molecule |
| Promoter sites | specific base sequences to signal the start of a gene |
| What is step 3 of Transcription? | RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of mRNA |
| What is step 4 of Transcription? | Transcription stops when the RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of bases called the terminator |
| What are the two parts of genes? | introns and exons |
| introns... | do not code for anything |
| exons... | code for the protein being made |
| When may RNA splicing occur? | Only right after mRNA |
| What bonds the phosphates together? | covalent bonds |
| What bonds the nitrogen bases together? | hydrogen bonds |
| RNA splicing | the process in which the introns are snipped out so that only the exons are joined to generate the mature mRNA that can leave the nucleus |
| Gene | a section of the DNA that codes for a trait |
| Where does mRNA go after being made in transcription? (answer is where it was to where it goes) | The mRNA goes from the nucleus to the ribosomes or the Rough ER |
| Translation | The process by which ribosomes convert the information in mRNA into proteins |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | a major component of ribosomes and assists in making the covalent bonds (specifically peptide) that link amino acids together to make a protein |
| What is step 1 of Translation? | The mRNA attaches to a ribosome |
| What is step 2 of Translation? | tRNA reads one codon of the mRNA and carries in the proper amino acid |
| codon | sequence of 3 DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis |
| What is step 3 of Translation? | As the second amino acid comes in, it attaches to the first amino acid with a peptide bond |
| What is step 4 of Translation? | A polypeptide chain of amino acids form, which is a protein. |
| Proteins... | make up our bodies and traits |
| How many possible codons are there? | 64 possible codons |
| 64 possible codons, but 20 amino acids, so.... | some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon |
| The start codon | AUG (Met) |
| Anticodon | 3 bases on tRNA that pairs with a complementary codon on the mRNA |
| Central Dogma | provides the basic framework for how genetic information flows from a DNA sequence to a protein product inside cells (how we go from DNA -> RNA -> protein; describing the process) |
| mutation | a change to the sequence of bases in a organism's DNA |
| Damaged DNA can come from... | Incorrect base insertion in a newly synthesized strand and also can be due to the chemical, physical, or biological agents that are in our environments |
| If DNA damage is not repaired it leads to... | malfunctioning proteins, death of cells, and ultimately the death of an organ |
| What are the 3 types of point mutations? | Silent, Missense, and Nonsense |
| Point mutations | involve changes in 1 or a few nucleotides, occur at a single point in the DNA sequence, usually in the form of a substitution |
| Silent mutation | a substitution a of nucleotide that does not alter the amino acid sequence nor the protein being made |
| Nonsense mutation | a substitution a of nucleotide that causes a premature stop codon and will alter the protein being made |
| Missense mutation | a substitution of a nucleotide that causes a change in the amino acid sequence |
| What are the 2 types of frameshift mutations? | insertion and deletion |
| Frameshift mutations | the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide, causes the entire chain to shift since the bases are read in sets of three |
| Most mutations are... | neutral, meaning they have little or no effect on the expression of genes or the function of the proteins (more abt silent bc so many mutations are silent mutations) |
| Mutations that cause dramatic differences can be... | harmful, producing defective proteins that disrupt normal biological activities (abt all about mutations, but silent) |
| Mutations are a source of.... | genetic variability in a species and may cause highly beneficial changes |
| Coronavirus | infect humans and other animal, they are the family of viruses |
| SARS-CoV-2 | the virus |
| COVID-19 | disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 |
| What goes into mRNA vaccine? | The segment of RNA that codes for the spike proteins of the virus. |
| What is an antibody and how are they created? | An antibody is your cell's specific defense. They either directly destroy the virus or block it from infecting new cells. Antibodies are specific to each virus. Antibodies are created by immune cells using spike proteins to make the antibodies. |
| Antibodies can't fight 2 different viruses because | antibodies are specific to each virus they were created for and aren't equipped to fight other viruses |
| What is in a traditional vaccine that creates an immune response? | A few micrograms of the actual virus you're trying to immunize against |
| If there are no actual virus particles, how does your body start an immune response? | The spike proteins produced because of the vaccination are recognized in your body as actual virus particles and will ramp an immune response that creates antibodies. These antibodies protect our body when it comes in contact with the actual virus |
| Why do many people experience chills, headache, fever, etc after receiving a vaccine? | these side effects are a sign of an immune system working to create antibodies. |
| Where does transcription occur? | nucleus |
| Where does translation occur? | at the ribosome |
Created by:
bemz_:)
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