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Unit 7: Ecology
Ch. 51-55 Test Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ethology: | study of animal behavior |
| behavior: | what an animal does and how they do it |
| what is behavior influenced by? | - genetic and environmental factors - they are subject to natural selection over time |
| why is behavior important? | it's essential for survival and reproduction |
| proximate cause: | "how" a behavior occurs or is modified |
| ultimate cause: | "why" a behavior in context of natural selection |
| innate behaviors: | - developmentally fixed - are not learned |
| fixed action patterns (FAPs) | sequence of unlearned acts that are unchangeable and usually carried to completion - triggered by sign stimulus - ensures that activities essential to survival are performed correctly without practice |
| kinesis: | simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus |
| taxis: | automatic movement, oriented movement +/- from stimulus |
| migration: | - regular, long-distance change in location - environmental cues: sun, stars, earth’s magnetic field, landmarks |
| circadian rhythm | internal biological clock |
| signal: | stimulus that causes a change in behavior - basis of animal communication - ex. visual, tactile, auditory |
| pheromones: | chemicals emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the species |
| learned behaviors: | behaviors that are modified based on specific experiences |
| habituation: | loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information |
| imprinting: | learning + innate components - limited to sensitive period in life, generally irreversible |
| cognitive map: | internal representation of spatial relationship among objects in an animal’s surroundings |
| associative learning: | ability to associate one stimulus with another |
| classical conditioning: | arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome |
| operant conditioning: | - trial-and-error learning - associate its own behavior with reward or punishment |
| cognition: | process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, & judgment - problem-solving behavior relies on cognition |
| social learning: | learning by observing others |
| foraging: | food-obtaining behavior - consuming food - minimize costs / maximize benefits |
| sexual selection: | seeking and attracting mates & choosing and competing for mates |
| agonistic behavior: | threats, rituals, and sometimes combat; settles disputes over resources (mates) |
| behaviors can be directed by... | genes |
| altruism: | selfless behavior - reduce individual fitness but increase fitness of others in population |
| inclusive fitness: | total effect of producing own offspring (pass on genes) + helping close relatives |
| kin selection: | type of natural selection; altruistic behavior enhances reproductive success of relatives |
| ecology: | the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment |
| what does the ecological study of species involve? | abiotic and biotic influences |
| biotic factors: | living (organisms – behaviors & interactions between organisms) |
| abiotic factors: | nonliving (temp, water, salinity, sunlight, soil) |
| what is the order of hierarchy? | organisms -> population -> community -> ecosystem -> landscape -> biosphere |
| population: | group of individuals of same species living in a particular geographic area |
| community: | group of populations of different species in an area |
| ecosystem: | community of organisms + physical factors |
| landscape: | mosaic of connected ecosystems |
| biosphere: | global ecosystem |
| climate: | long-term prevailing weather conditions in a particular area - temperature + precipitation + sunlight + wind |
| scales of climate: | macroclimate or microclimate |
| macroclimate: | work at seasonal, regional or local level |
| microclimate | small-scale environmental variation |
| climate change: | some species may not survive shifting ranges |
| biomes: | major types of ecosystems that occupy very broad geographic regions - climate and elevation determine biomes |
| climograph: | plot of temperature & precipitation in a particular region |
| biogeography: | geographic distribution of species |
| factors of biogeography: | dispersal behavior biotic abiotic |
| density: | # individuals / area |
| dispersion: | pattern of spacing between individuals |
| what determines population size and density? | individuals, random sampling, mark-recapture method |
| patterns of dispersal: | clumped, random, uniform |
| clumped dispersal: | most common; near required resource |
| uniform dispersal: | usually antagonistic interactions |
| random dispersal: | unpredictable spacing, not common in nature |
| demography: | the study of vital statistics that affect population size - additions occur through birth, subtractions occur through death |
| life table: | age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population |
| survivorship curve: | represent # individuals alive at each age |
| Type I: | low death rate early in life (humans) |
| Type II: | constant death rate over lifespan (squirrels) |
| Type III: | high death rate early in life (oysters) |
| zero population growth: | number of births = the number of deaths |
| exponential population growth: | ideal conditions, population grows rapidly |
| carrying capacity: | maximum stable population which can be sustained by environment |
| life history: | traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival |
| 3 variables for life history: | 1. age of sexual maturation 2. how often organism reproduces 3. # offspring during each event |
| semelparity: | - big-bang reproduction - many offspring produced at once - individual often dies afterwards - less stable environments |
| iteroparity: | - repeated reproduction - few, but large offspring - more stable environments |
| K-selection: | population close to carrying capacity |
| r-selection: | maximize reproductive success |
| K-selection has... | - live around K - high prenatal care - low birth numbers - good survival of young - density-dependent |
| r-selection has... | - exponential growth - little or no care - high birth numbers - poor survival of young - density independent |
| density-dependent factors: | population matters - ex. predation, disease, competition, territoriality, waste accumulation, physiological factors |
| density-independent factors: | population NOT a factor - ex. natural disasters |
| demographic transition: | occurs when population goes from A (high birth/high death) 🡪 B (low birth/low death) |
| 2 configurations for a stable human population (zero population growth): | A. high birth/high death B. low birth, low death |
| ecological footprint: | total land + water area needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population |
| substantial ecological footprint: | 1.7 hectares (ha)/person |
| typical ecological footprint in the U.S.: | 10 ha footprint |
| interspecific interactions includes: | - competition - predation - herbivory - symbiosis – parasitism, mutualism, commensalism - facilitation |
| competition (-/-): | two of more species compete for a resource that is in short supply |
| predation (+/-): | predator kills and eats prey - leads to diverse adaptations |
| herbivory (+/-): | herbivore eats part of a plant or algae - plants have various chemical and mechanical defenses against herbivory; herbivores have special adaptations for feeding |
| facilitation (+/+ or 0/+): | species have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species without the intimate contact of a symbiosis |
| symbiosis: | individuals of two of more species live in close contact with one another - includes: parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism |
| parasitism (+/-): | the parasite derives its nourishment from a second organism, its host, which is harmed |
| mutualism (+/+): | both species benefit from the interaction |
| commensalism (+/0): | one species benefits, the other is unaffected |
| interspecific competition: | resources are in short supply - -/- |
| competitive exclusion principle: | two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical - the one with the slight reproductive advantage will eliminate the other |
| resource partitioning: | differences in niches that enable similar species to coexist |
| ecological niche: | the sum total of an organism’s use of abiotic/biotic resources in the environment |
| fundamental niche: | niche potentially occupied by the species |
| realized niche: | portion of fundamental niche the species actually occupies |
Created by:
tessamcelrone
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