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Bio Chapter 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Oparin's book The Origin of Life, the atmosphere of early Earth did not contain ______ gas. | Oxygen |
| After a week of running the experimental apparatus shown in the image, what did Miller find in the pinkish, condensed liquid at the bottom? | Amino Acids |
| About 4 billion years ago, clays may have been the sites of RNA synthesis because their surfaces? | Prevent the formation of covalent bonds |
| Rank the order of the eons in the geological timescale from the longest at the top to the shortest at the bottom. | 1. Proterozoic 2. Archean 3. Hadean |
| Select the major gases found in Earth's present-day atmosphere. | -water vapor -nitrogen -oxygen -carbon dioxide |
| Select all of the following that were likely components of Earth's early atmosphere, as proposed by Oparin in his 1938 book. | -methane (CH4) -ammonia (NH3) -water (H2O) -hydrogen (H2) |
| What idea proposes that RNA could have been the first self-replicating precursor to life on Earth? | RNA world |
| Under the right temperature and pH, phospholipids may have formed from precursors and assembled into? | membrane-like structures |
| The term "RNA world" describes the possibility that self-replicating RNA | may have been present in multiple forms, forming a pre-life community of molecules. |
| The right temperature, pH, and precursor molecules could have allowed ______ molecules to form membrane-like structures. | Phospholipid |
| Select all of the following that are thought to have arisen by endosymbiosis of free-living bacteria. | -Mitochondria -Chloroplasts |
| What evolved about 1.9 to 1.4 billion years ago? | Eukaryotic cells |
| During the ______, life originated, photosynthesis evolved, and oxygen accumulated in Earth's atmosphere. | Precambrian supereon |
| Multicellular life first evolved about | 1.2 billion years ago |
| Select time periods from the Paleozoic era. | -Cambrian -Permian -Carboniferous -Devonian |
| Select all the important events that occurred during the Precambrian supereon. | -Oxygen accumulated in the Earth's atmosphere. -Photosynthesis evolved. -Multicellularity arose. -Life originated. |
| What term is used to describe a period of intensive animal diversification on Earth 543 million to 490 million years ago? | Cambrian Explosion |
| The earliest multicellular fossil was a ______ that lived about 1 billion years ago. | red alga |
| What organisms existed in the Cambrian period? | algae, sponges, jellyfishes, worms, nautiloids, and trilobites |
| The first ______, which were jawless fishes called ostracoderms, arose during the ______ period of the Paleozoic era. | vertebrates; Ordovician |
| All the major phyla of ______ appeared during the Cambrian explosion. | animals |
| Sequence the following major events in the history of life on Earth from the most ancient to the most recent. | -First cells origniate -photosynthesis begins -oxygen builds in the atmosphere -eukaryotes arise on earth -multicellular red algae arise -Humans begin arise |
| Place the organisms in chronological order by their first appearance in the fossil record. | OLDEST -Prokaryotes -Multicellular Organisms -Terrestrial plants -Terrestrial Vertebrates -Tyrannosaurus rex -Homo sapiens MOST RECENT |
| Choose all of the items below that are characteristic of fungi. | -Fungi are all heterotrophic eukaryotes. -Fungi are important for decomposition in the ecosystem. -Fungi are all multicellular eukaryotes. -Yeasts are types of fungi. -Fungi store carbohydrates as glycogen. |
| Select all of the ways that prokaryotes are important for humans and ecosystems. | help produce food and medicine fix nitrogen decompose and breakdown waste maintain genetic diversity of crop plant form the base of food chain healthy part of digestive tract |
| According to endosymbiont theory,... | 1. both chloroplasts and mitochondria originated as free-living prokaryotes. 2. mitochondria likely arose when host cells engulfed bacteria that carried out aerobic respiration. |
| Flagellates | Unicellular with one or more flagella Includes Trichomonas, which causes sexually transmitted disease ex. |
| Amoeboid Protozoa | Cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia Includes forams, which have durable shells Many are free living, but some live inside animals; do not possess flagella. ex. |
| CIliates | Many are free living, but some live inside animals; do not possess flagella. Unicellular with numerous hair-like projections that aid in feeding and movement ex. |
| Apicomplexans | Animal parasites; some can survive in chlorination. Includes species that cause malaria. ex. |
| Dinoflagellates | 1. Can produce deadly toxins 2. Cell walls are made up of overlapping cellulose cell plates. |
| Diatoms | 1. Unicellular with silica cell wall 2. Used in reflective paints and abrasive products |
| Brown algae | 1. Includes kelps 2. Include the largest and most complex protists |
| Red algae | 1. Reddish and bluish photosynthetic pigments 2. Pigments allow them to conduct photosynthesis in deep ocean waters. |
| Green algae | 1. Ancestors to land plants. 2. Unicellular, colonial, filamentous and multicellular forms |
| What fungal structure functions in absorbing nutrients from the environment? | hyphae |
| What domain do diatoms belong to? | Eukarya |
| What criteria could be used to distinguish a bacterial cell from an archaean cell? Click on all answers that apply. | Composition of the cell wall Ability to use cholorphyl in photosynthesis |
| What is the role of a plasmid? | Extrachromosomal material that encodes proteins |
| What gives the cell its shape? | Cell wall |
| Arrange the following in order from the largest category (most inclusive) to the smallest category (least inclusive). | LARGEST CATERGORY: Life -Eukarya -Protista -Protoza -Cililates -Paramecium SMALLEST CATERGORY |
| Amoeba move by the formation of what type of cellular extension? | pseudopods |
| What group consists of amoeboid protozoa? | Foraminiferans |
| Select all the statements that correctly describe slime molds and water molds. | They are all heterotrophic. Slime molds act as unicellular or multicellular organisms. |
| Select all of the following that are true about protists. | -Some protist are important autotrophs found in plankton -Protist are the most diverse group of eukaryotes -Products from algae are used as thickeners and stabilizers in food products cosmetics toothpastes and other products |
| According to the Miller experiment, what word best describes the catalyst that made the transition indicated by the arrows possible? | Electricity |
| What type of protist is heterotrophic and includes species whose cells can come together to form a slug that moves to a new habitat? | Slime Molds |
| Rank the order of time periods in the geological timescale from the longest at the top to the shortest at the bottom. | 1.eons 2.eras 3.periods 4.epochs |
| In deep-sea hydrothermal vents, what may have acted as a catalyst for the reactions that formed simple organic compounds? | Iron |
| Miller's experiment was criticized because he did not use the gas ______, even though it was abundant in the early Earth's atmosphere. When it is present, organic molecules still form. | Carbon Dioxide |
| What may have provided a surface for the linking of organic monomers because it contains minerals that may have had a catalytic role? | Clay |
| Select all the conditions present in deep-sea hydrothermal vents that may have favored prebiotic formation of molecules. | -rich mineral content -dissolved CO2 -high pressures -extremely hot water meeting cold ocean water |
| Select all the reasons why RNA may have been the first informational molecule. | -RNA can catalyze chemical reactions. -RNA can duplicate itself. -RNA can use stored information to produce proteins. -RNA stores genetic information. |
| The capacity of nucleic acids to mutate in progenotes may have allowed the evolution of? | different metabolic pathways. |
| What may have allowed different metabolic pathways to arise in progenotes? | mutation of nucleic acids |
| What did the earliest cells likely use as a source of carbon and energy? | organic molecules |
| The bacteria and archaea split apart from a common ancestor between _ to ___ BYA. | 3, 2.5 |
| The oldest known fossils are ______ years old and resemble formations made by ______. | 3.7 billion; cyanobacteria |
| Prokaryotic cells were the first life forms on Earth and arose approximately? | 3.5 billion years ago. |
| Select all the ways that the evolution of photosynthetic organisms affected subsequent changes on Earth. | -Photosynthetic organisms became energy sources for other eukaryotic organisms. -Ozone formed, which blocked ultraviolet radiation -Aerobic organisms began to evolve. |
| The image shows how membrane infolding may have given rise to? | the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum. |
| The oldest known fossils are about 3.7 billion-year-old and resemble formations called ______ made by prokaryotes called ______. | stromatolites; cyanobacteria |
| According to the __________ theory, free-living bacteria were engulfed by prokaryotic cells and eventually became chloroplasts and mitochondria. | Endosymbiotic |
| Select all the evidence used to support the endosymbiont theory proposed in the 1960s. | -There are similarities in the size, shape, and membrane structure of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and bacterial cells. -Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain DNA, RNA, and ribosomes, which are similar to those in bacterial cells. |
| The first mammals were small and arose during the? | Jurassic Period |
| The first flowering plants appeared on land during the? | Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era. |
| The continents approached their current positions during the? | Neogene period. |
| Several ice ages in which huge glaciers covered 30% of Earth's surface and then withdrew occurred during the? | Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period. |
| The ______ era is sometimes called the Age of Mammals, due to the adaptive radiation of mammals that occurred during the ______ period. | Cenozoic; Paleogene |
| The geologic time period that covers 2.58 million years ago to present is called the ______ period. | Quaternary |
| Primate ancestors that gave rise to the first ancient humans arose during the Neogene period about | 6 million years ago. |
| Select all the correct statements regarding the Quaternary period. | -The Quaternary period is the present geologic time period. -Ice sheets and glaciers formed and receded during parts of the Quaternary period. -The Quaternary period is part of the Cenozoic era. |
| Select the three main groups that belong to the primate lineage. | -monkeys -prosimians -hominoids |
| Gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans all belong to the lineage of primates called the ________. | Hominoids |
| Select all the characteristics shared by primates. | -grasping hands with opposable thumbs -large brains relative to body size -eyes set in the front of the skull -fingers and toes with flat nails |
| Select all of the skeletal adaptations present in humans that allow locomotion by bipedalism. | -big toe not opposable -long, strong leg bones -bowl-shaped pelvis |
| Rank the hominin groups in the order they evolved, beginning with the earliest group at the top. | Ardipithecus 2. Australopithecus 3. Paranthropus 4. Homo |
| What fossil is the oldest representative of the hominin lineage to date? | Ardipithecus ramidus |
| What hominin existed 3 to 1.5 million years ago, had large teeth and protruding jaws, and did not give rise any other hominin genus? | Paranthropus |
| The oldest hominin, Ardipithecus ramidus, dates back to? | 4.4 million years ago. |
| Select all of the following that are true about the evolution of the genus Homo. | -Several species of hominin lived in Africa at the same time. -Homo sapiens is the only remaining species. Scientists speculate that H. sapiens may have interbred with H. neanderthalensis. |
| The species Homo sapiens had migrated out of Africa and colonized Europe, Asia, and Australia by about ______ years ago. | 40,000 |
| What animals are characterized by endothermy, mammary glands, a four chambered heart, and a placenta that connects the maternal and fetal circulatory systems during development? | - Dolphin - Bat - Opossum - Rodent - Crocodile |
| During gastrulation, what animals develop an indentation for a mouth before they develop an indentation for an anus? | - Lobster - Clam - Leech - Nematode |
| Which phylum contains TWO germ layers? | - Cnidarians - Echinoderm (radial symmetry) |
| Which phylum contains THREE germ layers? | - Flat worm - Chordates - Round worms - Arthropods - Mollusks - Echinoderms - Annelids - Platyhelminthes (no coelom) |
| Which animal contains NO germ layers or NO true tissues? | Sponges |
| Which animals are Protosomes? | - Flatworms - Cnidarians - Round worms - Arthropods - Mollusks ( mantle ) - Annelids |
| Which animals are Deutrosomes? | - Chordates - Echinoderms |
| Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, and bush babies are all examples of a group of primates called | Prosimians |
| The primate lineage contains three groups: the ______ (lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers), the monkeys, and the ______ (apes, including humans). | prosimians; hominoids |
| Select all of the following included in the lineage of primates known as hominoids. | -gibbons -gorillas -humans -chimpanzees -orangutans |
| Select all of the skeletal adaptations in a primate fossil that might indicate locomotion by knuckle-walking. | -foramen magnum opening at the back of the skull -longer arms than legs |
| Select the four groups into which fossil hominins have been categorized. | -Homo -Australopithecus -Paranthropus -Ardipithecus |
| Australopithecus | |
| Select all of the following that are true about all species of the genus Homo. | -larger brains than australopiths -associated with stone tools -considered human |
| Fossils of Homo that date back to 2 million years ago would be considered | early homo |
| Select all the species that are considered "early Homo." | -Homo habilis -Homo ergaster -Homo erectus |
| Select all the species that are considered "recent Homo." | -Homo floresciensis -Homo sapiens -Homo neanderthalensis -Homo heidelbergensis |
| Select all of the following that are true about the evolution of the genus Homo. | -Several species of hominin lived in Africa at the same time. -Scientists speculate that H. sapiens may have interbred with H. neanderthalensis. -Homo sapiens is the only remaining species. |
| Early signs of culture in Homo sapiens is demonstrated in cave art that dates to about ______ years ago. | 14,000 |
| Although more melanin pigment in skin increases protection against DNA damage caused by UV light, lighter skin tones evolved in areas away from the equator because ______, and dark skin tones would block too much UV light, which is needed for ______. | sunlight is weaker; vitamin D synthesis |
| Chromosomes of humans and chimpanzees are extremely similar; one main difference is that humans have ______ due to the fusion of two smaller chromosomes early in the lineage that led to humans. | one less chromosome pair |
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Sydboyer15
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