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Microbiology
Celebration 5 Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Otitis Media | Common bacterial complication of colds. Agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae Transmission: Noncommunicable; vaccination reduces occurance Symptoms: Earache, redness of eardrum, fever, etc. |
| Strep throat | Agent: Streptococcus pyogenes Transmission: Most are asymptomatic carriers. Respiratory droplets Symptoms: Inflammation and white spots on throat, swollen lymph nodes, exudate in throat/tonsils |
| Diphtheria | Agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae Transmission: Respiratory droplets Symptoms: Cold-like; pseudomembrane forms in upper airway about 3 days into symptoms |
| Pertussis (Whooping Cough) | Agent: Bordetella pertussis Transmission: Respiratory droplets or direct contact Symptoms: Paroxysmal stage-> intense coughing fits that leave patent gasping for air and induce convulsions |
| Tuberculosis | Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transmission: Respiratory droplets, highly communicable Symptoms: Active TB causes cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss |
| Pneumonia | Agent: Streptococcus pneumoniae; Haemophilus influenzae Transmission: Respiratory droplets Symptoms: Sudden high fever and episodes of shaking chills |
| Blastomycosis (Chicago Disease) | Agent: Blastomyces dermatitidis (fungus) Transmission: Conidia spores are inhaled Symptoms: Flu-like; pneumolike also. Rarely disseminated |
| Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) | Agent: Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii (fungus) Transmission: Inhalation of fungal spores Symptoms: Body aches, fever, cough, rash on torso and extremities. If disseminated, skin lesions and menigitis |
| Histoplasmosis | Agent: Histoplasma capsulatum (fungi, true pathogen) Transmission: Inhaled spores from caves/chicken coups Symptoms: Most are asymptomatic, flu/pneumonia like. Can diseminate to CNS |
| Measels | Agent: Transmission: Respiratory droplets, highly contagious Symptoms: Rash, very uncomfortable |
| Mumps | Agent: Transmission: Respiratory droplets, highly contagious Symptoms: Causes salivary glands to swell |
| Rubella | Agent: Transmission: Respiratory droplets Symptoms: Rash (German measeles) |
| Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) | Agent: Virus that goes latent, a strain of herpes Transmission: Respiratory droplets Symptoms: Chicken pox in kids and shingles in adults. Ichy rash, more painful in adults |
| Staph infection/MRCA | Agent: Staphylococcus aureus Transmission: Causes skin infections in direct contact Symptoms: Is natural part of microbiome, but when gets to deeper tissue causes raised, pus forming sores to form on skin. MRCA is resistant to antibiotics |
| Helicobacter pylori | Characteristics: gram -, spirochete, in stomach lining of humans Transmission: Feces Symptoms: Stomach ulcers and cancer; bacteria eats stomach lining |
| Hepatitis A | Agent: virus Transmission: Food and water Symptoms: infects and damages liver, causing gaundice |
| Hepatitis B/C | Agent: virus Transmission: Blood and body fluids (sexual contact, needles, etc.) Symptoms: infects and damages liver -> gaundice |
| Hepatitis D | Agent: virus Not a lot of data |
| Ebola | Agent: virus endemic to Africa Transmission: Body fluids or bats Symptoms: Viral hemoragic fever; bleeding from every orifice |
| Why are things called STI and not STD? | Because infections can be asymptomatic and carriers, diseases all have symptoms. |
| Gonorrhea | Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Gram -, diplococcus Transmission: STI Symptoms: Can by asymptom in women, most common notifiable disease in America. Males -> painful urination. Women -> painful urination, pelvic inflammation, and infertitity |
| Syphilis | Agent: Treponepna pallidium (spirochete) Transmission: STI or through utero/birth Symptoms: Stage 1-> chancre sore, then latent until it disseminates around body. Terminal stage-> neurological affects and death |
| Chlamydia | Agent: Chlamydia trachomatis Transmission: STI Symptoms: Attacks fallopian tubes, more women are asymptomatic then men |
| HPV | Agent: Human papillomavirus (group of viruses) Transmission: STI Symptoms: Causes warts (inappropriate cell growth) and can lead of cancer |
| AIDS | Agent: HIV (virus causing immunodeficiency. Enveloped with spike proteins for T cell's CD4) Transmission: STI Symptoms: Normal life expectancy w/ treatment, takes 10 years for HIV -> AIDS: immune system is so wiped out it can't fight off infections (TB) |
| Long term nonprogressors (HIV) | People with HIV that don't develop AIDS (maintain normal T cell count). Likely from genetic differences of T cells, maybe from plague in Europe |
| Path of water from source to tap | 1. Intake from source 2/ Chemical addition 3. Mixing 4. Coagulation (removes inorganic) and flocculation (solid inorganic settles out) 5. Sedimentation 6. Filtration 7. Disinfection 8. Storage 9. Distribution |
| Why are indicator organisms used? | Its inefficient to test for every type of bacteria |
| Fecal chloiform | In warm-blooded GI tracts |
| Coliform bacteria | Indicator bacteria for gram negative, and lactose fermenters. Shows if fecal contamination |
| Membrane filter procedure | Water is filtered through membrane, filter is removed and plated to test for coliforms |
| Defined substrate test | Takes water sample and indicator chemicals, mix and observe. Yellow-> coliforms Florescent under UV-> fecal coliform Clear-> fine |
| Cholera | Agent: Vibrio cholerae Transmission: Water contaminated with feces Symptoms: Severe gastrointestinal diarrheal disease (most deals from organ failure bc of dehydration) |
| Legionellosis | Agent: Legionella pneumonphila (gram -) Transmission: Inhalation of bacteria from aerosolized/hot water (forms biofilms and infects parasites in hot tubs and water fountains) Symptoms: Pneomonia |
| Intrinsic factors of food | Composition, physical and biological state. Ex: pH, proteins, carbs, lipids |
| Extrinsic factors of food | Temperature, humidity, gases, contaminating microbes |
| Food spoilage is... | Not usually pathogenic to humans: ok to eat, just not tasty |
| Approaches to food preservation | 1. Removal of microbes (avoidance, filtration...) 2. Low temp 3. High temp 4. Reduced water availability 5. Chemical-based perservation 6. Radiation |
| Commercial sterilization | Steam under pressure, not as rigorous as complete sterilization |
| 12D treatment | Population of endospores are decreased by 10^12 |
| Benzoates | Food perservatives for liquids with low pH |
| Food poisoning | Agent: Staphylococcus aureus (commonly) Transmission: Food Symptoms: Quick, toxin produced by microbe causes negative reaction |
| Typhoid fever | Agent: Salmonella enterica Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food/water Symptoms: Causes lesions in stomach lining that cause stomach problems |
| Nitriles | Food preservatives for meat based products |
| Sulfites | Food preservatives for dried food |
| Sorbates | Food preservatives for breads/muffins |
| Coumarins | Food antimicrobials for fruits and vegetables |
| Lysozyme | Food antimicrobials for cow's milk and eggs |
| Aldehydes and phenols | Food antimicrobials for herbs and spices |
| Allicin | Food antimicrobials for garlic |
| Polyphenols | Food antimicrobials for green and black teas |
| UV radiation | For surfaces of food handling equipment, doesn't penetrate foods |
| Radappertization | Use of ionizing radiation to extend shelf life or sterilize meat, seafood, fruit, etc. Kills microbes in most foods by producing peroxides from water that oxidize cellular constituents |
| Lowering temperature | Reduced bacterial growth |
| Relative humidity | Lower levels reduce bacterial growth |
| Atmosphere | Oxygen produces growth. Vacuum sealing |
| Fermentation | Lowers intrinsic pH to increase shelf life |
| Food infection | A microbe is brought in that must grow and divide to produce negative reaction. 5-7 days |
| Norovirus illness | Agent: Norovirus (usually in densely populated areas like cruise ships) Transmission: Fecal/oral route, can be quickly transferred host to host Symptoms: Diarrhea and vomiting |
| Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) | Agent: E. coli strain Transmission: Infected food, doesn't degrade at high heat (heat stable) Symptoms: Produces enterotoxins to cause diaherra |
| Enteroinvasive (EIEC) | Agent: E. coli strain Transmission: Food Symptoms: Can produce toxin, multiplies in intestines |
| Enteropathogenic (EPEC) | Agent: E. coli strain Transmission: Food Symptoms: Causes effacing lesions that destroy brush border in GI |
| Listeriosis | Agent: Listeria monocytogenes (acid, salt, and cold tolerant. Facultatively aerobic) Transmission: Can be from utero, lunch meats and raw veggies Symptoms: Meningitis, highjacks our actin |
Created by:
RunningMads
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