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Chapters 44-46 Vocab
Honors Biology Test moved to Thursday, May 18!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| thermoregulation | The maintenance of internal temperature within a tolerable range |
| osmoregulation | The control of water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments |
| excretion | The disposal of nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism |
| radiation | The emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero |
| convection | The mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object |
| conduction | The direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other |
| evaporation | The removal of heat energy from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules |
| ectotherm | An animal, such as a reptile, fish, or amphibian, that must use environmental energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temperature |
| endotherm | An animal that uses metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature, such as a bird or mammal |
| vasodilation | An increase in the diameter of superficial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that relax the muscles of the vessel walls |
| vasoconstriction | A decrease in the diameter of superficial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that contract the muscles of the vessel walls |
| countercurrent heat exchanger | A special arrangement of blood vessels that helps trap heat in the body core and is important in reducing heat loss in many endotherms |
| acclimatization | Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor |
| torpor | In animals, a physiological state that conserves energy by slowing down the heart and respiratory systems |
| hibernation | A physiological state that allows survival during long periods of cold temperatures and reduced food supplies, in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal |
| estivation | A physiological state characterized by slow metabolism and inactivity, which permits survival during long periods of elevated temperature and diminished water supplies |
| ammonia | A small and very toxic nitrogenous waste produced by metabolism |
| urea | A soluble form of nitrogenous waste excreted by mammals and most adult amphibians |
| uric acid | An insoluble precipitate of nitrogenous waste excreted by land snails, insects, birds, and some reptiles |
| kidney | Bean-shaped organ that is supplied with blood by a renal artery and a renal vein |
| endocrine gland | A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| ecdysone | A steroid hormone that triggers molting in arthropods |
| hormone | Any one of the many circulating chemical signals found in all multicellular organisms that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and coordinate the various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells |
| pituitary gland | An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus; consists of a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), which stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), which produces and secretes many hormones that |
| hypothalamus | The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors, which regulate the anterior pituitary |
| nitric oxide | A local regulator gas produced by many types of cells |
| prostaglandin (PG) | One of a group of modified fatty acids secreted by virtually all tissues and performing a wide variety of functions as messengers |
| insulin | A vertebrate hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver; also stimulates protein and fat synthesis; secreted by endocrine cells of the pancreas call |
| adrenal gland (adrenaline) | An endocrine gland located adjacent to the kidney in mammals; composed of two glandular portions: an outer cortex, which responds to endocrine signals in reacting to stress and effecting salt and water balance, and a central medulla, which responds to ner |
| pancreas | A gland with dual functions: The nonendocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood |
| thyroid gland | An endocrine gland that secretes iodine-containing hormones (T3 and T4), which stimulate metabolism and influence development and maturation in vertebrates, and cacitonin, which lowers blood calcium levels in mammals |
| islets of Langerhans | Clusters of endocrine cells that secrete glucagon and insulin directly into the bloodstream |
| autoimmune disease | An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself |
| asexual reproduction | A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts |
| ovum | The female gamete; the haploid, unfertilized egg, which is usually a relatively large, nonmotile cell |
| spermatozoon | The male gamete |
| fission | The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately equal size |
| budding | An asexual means of propagation in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extensive colonies |
| fragmentation | A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals |
| regeneration | The regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism |
| parthenogenesis | A type of reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs |
| hermaphroditism | A condition in which an individual has both female and male gonads and functions as both a male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs |
| pheromone | A small, volatile chemical signal that functions in communication between animals and acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior |
| baculum | A bone that is contained in, and helps stiffen, the penis of rodents, raccoons, walruses, and several other mammals |
| Primary sexual characteristics | (blank) |
| Secondary sexual characteristics | (blank) |
| ovulation | The release of an egg from ovaries. In humans, an ovarian follicle releases an egg during each menstrual cycle |
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