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Taxonomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The most general taxonomic group? | Domain |
| The most specific taxonomic group? | Species |
| Order of taxonomy: | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup) |
| What cell type is Bacteria? | Prokaryotic/ Unicellular |
| How does bacteria reproduce? | Asexually, replicates of circular DNA molecule beginning at one origin of rep. , then after rep. through Binary Fission |
| Differences between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria? | Archaebacteria: Cell wall DOES NOT have peptidoglycan & lives in extreme conditions Bacteria: Cell wall HAS peptidoglycan & lives (almost) everywhere |
| Mode of nutrition in bacteria? | Autotrophs & heterotrophs |
| Examples of autotrophs in bacteria? | Phototrophs (use light) & Chemotrophs (use chemicals) |
| Examples of heterotrophs in bacteria? | Decomposers (recycle nutrition) & Pathogens (disease carrying) |
| What are the three bacteria shapes? | Bacillus (good mostly), Coccus (bad mostly), & Spirillum |
| Diplo | Pair |
| Strepto | Chains |
| Straphylo | Clusters |
| Describe the shape of Bacillus | RODS (pill shaped/cylindrical) |
| Describe the shape of Coccus | SPHERES (Small circular) |
| Describe the shape of Spirillum | SPIRALS |
| Flagella | Long tail-like structure to help with movement |
| Capsule | Outermost layer of bacteria (NOT PRESENT IN ALL) |
| Pilli | Short hair-like, helps attach to surfaces (Sex pili help with conjugation) |
| Plasmid | Double-stranded, circular DNA molecules which are much smaller than the main chromosome (multiple extra segments of DNA) |
| Chromosome | Double-stranded, circular DNA, located in the nucleoid |
| Why is bacteria not sexually reproducing, but technically is and how so? | Not tech. sexual bc no meiosis or fertilization, but can exchange genetic material through Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation |
| Transformation | Pick up naked foreign DNA from cell's surroundings (Think of Griffith's mice principle) usually bc of hostile environments |
| Transduction | Phage viruses carrying DNA from one bacteria to another |
| Conjugation | Bacteria temporarily join thru sex pili (tube between bact.), then the plasmids (extra DNA) will be shared |
| How does conjugation relate to antibiotic resistance? | Can have genes that are antibiotic resistant be shared, granting the new bacterium to be resistant as well (R plasmids) |
| What do Antibiotics not work on? | Viruses, they are not made of cells |
| Disinfectants (bleach, antibacterial household cleaners) | Kills bacteria on surfaces |
| Antiseptics (antibacterial soap, alcohol) | Kills bacteria on living tissue |
| Antibiotics | chemicals that interfere with the biological/cellular process of bacteria/microbes |
| Virus | Segments of nucleic acids contained in a protein coat (capsid) |
| What are 5 virus shapes? | Helical, Polyhedral, Spherical, Binal, Filovirus |
| Helical virus | Rod-like in appearance with capsid proteins winding around a core of either DNA or RNA |
| Polyhedral | Has many sides and is geometric in appearance |
| Spherical | Typically studded with receptors which help the virus enter the cell, May have an envelope |
| Binal | Polyhedral head containing either DNA or RNA, Helical tail “fibers” (ex. bacteriophages) |
| FIlovirus | Long/ short filaments that are "U", "6", or circle shaped |
| What are viruses composed of? | Genome and capsid, then sometimes an envelope (membrane lipid bilayer, and glycoproteins on said envelope |
| Genome | of DNA or RNA |
| Capsid | Virus protein coat that may contain either RNA or DNA, but NOT both |
| Envelope | Membrane (lipid bilayer) that surrounds the capsid. The envelope helps the virus enter the cell |
| Glycoproteins | things on the envelope that bind to specific receptor molecules on the surface of a host cell |
| Are viruses alive + reasons why or why not | NO, not made of cells, need a host to reproduce, do not maintain homeostasis, do not metabolize, do not respond to the environment, do not grow/develop |
| What can viruses have/do similarly to living cells | Have genetic info, can evolve |
| How do viruses use a host cell between diff kingdoms | Plant viruses = cell wall, Animal viruses = endocytosis (engulfing other cells), Bacterial viruses = Punch a hole to inject DNA |
| Lytic cycle | KILLS THE HOST Viruses enters cell and injects DNA , makes copies with own resources, then enzyme released to damage cell wall, water enters, cell swells, so much so that the cell lyses, then all the copies go to infect other cells |
| Lysogenic cycle | WITHOUT KILLING THE HOST Attaches and injects DNA, integrates material that stays hidden in host's genetic material, host divides normally, but then can be triggered into lytic cycle |
| What is a pathogen? | Agents that CAUSE DISEASE (only some Bacteria, Fungus, and Protists, but ALL viruses) |
| Vaccines | A little bit of weakened/killed microbes that train immune system vs. actual pathogens, prevents spread, not a cure |
| Viral treatment | Developed drugs to combat some viruses by interfering w/ viral nucleic acid synthesis / viral assembly |
| Bacteria and/or virus: A living organism | Bacteria |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Contains nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm | None |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Reproduce through binary fission/conjugation | Bacteria |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Causes colds, flu, smallpox, aids | Viruses |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Uses other cells to reproduce | Viruses |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Contains genetic material in capsid | Viruses |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Treated with antibiotics | Bacteria |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Only produce in a host cell | Viruses |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Can cause disease | Both |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Made of prokaryotic cells | Bacteria |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Contains DNA or RNA | Both |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Decomposes organic waste and return nitrogen & carbon into the soil | Bacteria |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Causes strep throat, cavities, diphtheria | Bacteria |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Secretes toxins | Bacteria |
| Bacteria and/or virus: Prevents disease with vaccines | Viruses |
| Members of domain eukarya | Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
| Protist nutrition | Photoautotrophs (have chloroplasts and "make" energy, diff from plants), Chemoheterotrophs (Protists eat others), Mixotrophs (both auto/heterotrophs |
| Three categories of protists | Protozoa (Animal-like), Algae (Plant-like), Absorptive (Fungus-like) |
| Traits of Animal-like protists & how they are classified | Heterotrophic, unicellular, grouped by the way they move |
| Animal like protists: Amoebas | No cell wall, PSEUDOPODIA to move and feed, there are salt/fresh water amoebas, freshwater ones live in hypotonic & take in water so contractile vacuoles take it out |
| Animal like protists: Flagellates | Move by propelling flagella |
| Animal like protists: Ciliates | utilize short hair-like structures for movement, examples include Paramecium |
| Animal like protists: Sporozoans | Parasitic, Produce spores (reproductive cell that forms w/o fertilization) one type causes Malaria |
| Traits of Plant like protists & how they are classified | Plant-like in nutrition, but do NOT have roots, stems, and leaves, Photosynthesizing protists are called algae (make most oxygen) |
| Plant like (also kinda animal-like) protists: Euglenoids | Unicellular aquatic, Plant like bc most have chlorophyll/photosynthesis, but animal like when light is not available by ingesting food |
| Plant like protists: Diatoms | golden algae; each species has a unique shape; glass-like shells |
| Plant like protists: Dinoflagellates | The spinning algae, ex. Red tide live in deep waters where other types of seaweed cannot survive due to a special pigment & some are bioluminescent |
| Plant like protists: Phytoplankton | photosynthetic, unicellular protists; major producers of nutrients and oxygen in aquatic ecosystems |
| Traits of Fungus-like protists & how they are classified | Can decompose & absorb nutrients, but able to move at some point w no Chitin in cell wall (ex. Water/Slime mold) |
| Fungi's kingdom characteristics | Eukaryotic, heterotrophs, cell walls of Chitin, mostly multicellular w some exceptions |
| Structure of Fungi | Vegetative body constructed of tiny filaments called HYPHAE that form the underground MYCELIUM |
| Fungal reproduction | Release spores (sexually of asexually) from tips of hyphae, dispersed by wind/water, when they get a good moist spot they germinate and form a new mycelium |
| What are the 4 divisions of fungi? | Chytridiomycota (chytrids), Zygomycota (zygote fungi), Ascomycota (sac fungi), and Basidiomycota (club fungi) |
| Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) | Earliest fungi, only one with flagella, microscopic |
| Zygomycota (Zygote fungi) | Form zygosporangia - thick walled spores, Ex. Bread mold Hyphae that anchor mold into bread are called rhizoids |
| Ascomycota (Sac fungi) | fungi with the filaments partitioned by cellular cross-walls called septa Ex. Morels and truffles, YEAST( which asexually reproducing by budding) |
| Basidiomycota (Club fungi) | Normal fungi you think of and eat |
| Fungi are relevant bc... | They are decomposers, have symbiotic relationships (ex. lichen & mycorrhizae) , are pathogens, and are commercially important, also penicillin!! |
| Plant's kingdom characteristics | Eukaryotic, multicellular, non-motile, photoautotrophs, cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts |
| What are the structures unique to plant cells? | Large central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplast |
| Parts of a plant | Roots, Stems, Leaves |
| Roots | Anchor plants, absorb water & mineral nutrients, may store said nutrients, root hairs increase surface area for increased absorption TAPROOT (one main long) or FIBROUS (lots of thin) |
| Stems | Provide support, house vascular tissue: Xylem (transport water&minerals thru osmosis, remember "Water XYlem - XYZ" and Phloem (transports sugars, remember ph=f in food, bc transports food) |
| Leaves | Main site of photosynthesis, has cuticle and stomata |
| Tropism | a plant’s growth response to an external stimulus; Hormones in the plant cause these responses (ie auxin) |
| Positive tropism | plant growth is towards a stimulus |
| Negative tropism | plant growth is away from a stimulus |
| Nastic movements | Like tropic movements, BUT the direction of the response is not dependent on the direction of the stimulus |
| Nonvascular plants (no vascular to transport water/nutrients) | Bryophytes, small simple, only move water through osmosis and nutrients through diffusion, anchor themselves w rhizoids (hair-like structures) ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts |
| Vascular plant types | Seedless (Pteridophytes) and With seeds (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) |
| Seedless vascular plant | Pteridophyte, reproduce with spores via wind/water, water required for fertilization (Ex. ferns, club mosses, horsetails) |
| Gymnosperms | With "naked" seeds (not enclosed in a sealed container) Male & female gametophytes (haploid phase) form within cones, (Ex. conifers, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes) |
| Angiosperms | WIth seeds inside a sealed structure: a fruit, contains endosperm (a supply of stored food), Male & female gametophytes develop in flowers—promotes pollination & fertilization by attracting insects/animals, Categorized into two groups: monocots & dicots |
| Petals | attract pollinators |
| Male part of flower and its two parts | Stamen: Anther (produces pollen) & FIlament (supports the Anther) |
| Female part of flower and its three parts | Pistil/Carpel: Stigma (catches pollen), Style (travel tube), Ovary (swells to become fruit) |
| Sepals | protect flower from damage while it is a bud |
| Ovule | Seeds are formed here, Pistil/Carpel form it |
| Animalia kingdom characteristics | Multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophs, diploid, mobile, w/o cell walls, all sexually reproducing (gametes) |
| Types of body symmetry in Animalia | Asymmetrical, Radial, Bilateral, Cephalization |
| Asymmetrical | Irregular in shape (Only simple animals - sponges) |
| Radial | body parts arranged around a central axis, only top and bottom to organism, cut in quarters symmetrical |
| Bilateral | distinct left and right halves of the body along with top and bottom |
| Cephalization | concentration of sensory organs in the anterior (head) region of an animal (you have a brain w nerves and a head) |
| Tissue | All cells of animals except sponges are organized into structural and functional units called tissues |
| Organs | All tissues of animals are organized into structural and functional units called organs |
| Organ systems | All organs of animals are organized into structural and functional units called organ systems |
| Cuticle | waxy outer coating; prevents water loss |
| Stomata | pores that allow for gas exchange |
| Hyphae | tiny filaments in fungi |
| Mycelium | underground interwoven mat in fungi |
Created by:
arianacontreras
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