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Biology Exam unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An organism that cannot generate its own source of carbon from inorganic, so they have to consume other organisms | heterotroph |
| first step of digestion | ingestion |
| animals lack this, which prevents them from breaking down plant material | cellulose |
| humans and animals cannot make 8 essential requirements and must consume them from other sources. | essential amino acids |
| this is the last source of nutrient storage to be utilized | protein |
| this is released in saliva to help break down carbohydrates. | amylase |
| this makes up the lower portion of the esophagus to drive involuntary movement | smooth muscle |
| these two components are used for chemical digestion in the stomach | HCI & PEPSIN |
| these structures increase surface area in the gut to aid in absorption | villi, microvilli |
| the very first line of defense against pathogens | epithelial barrier/skin |
| the innate immune system is found in these classes of animals | vertebrates and invertebrates |
| this is released by most cells to increase blood flow and permeability of blood vessels at the site of injury | histamine |
| NK cells look for this surface receptor that distinguishes "self" and "non self" | MHC I |
| this recognizes pathogen pieces and when bound, activates innate response in vertebrates | toll-like receptors |
| B cells mature in | bone marrow |
| true or false: A lymphocyte can have up to 100,000 different antigen receptors embedded in their membrane | false; 100,000 of the same receptors |
| antibodies are similar to the antigen receptors on B cells except that they lack this thing | transmembrane region |
| this ability of viruses to hang out in a "dormant" state, hiding in the nucleus until optimal conditions. | latency |
| this is the process of antibodies providing binding sites for macrophages when bound to a pathogen | opsonization |
| what causes neurotransmitter release | excited synaptic terminal in presynaptic cell |
| Gated closed | no ions flow across membrane |
| gate open | ions flow through channels |
| spermatogenis | all 4 form gametes, timing: throughout adulthood, continuous sequence precursors to mature gametes |
| oogenesis | single meiotic egg, timing: most complete before birth and mature gametes produced until-50, long pause in process |
| Main steps in development | rapid cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis |
| fertilization | the fusion of an egg and a sperm |
| organogenesis | the tissue layers give rise to organs |
| gastrulation | rearranges the embryo into cell layers and tissues |
| rapid cleavage divisions | embryonic cell division |
| 4 major hormones | estrogen, testosterone, progesterone |
| osmoconformer | ecthotherm |
| osmoregulator | endotherm |
| Renin angiotensin- aldosterone system (RAAS) | maintains blood pressure |
| Paracrine and Autocrine Regulators | secrete molecules that act over short distances- local regulators |
| hypothalamus | endocrine gland in brain |
| descending loop of Henle | reabsorbs water |
| ascending loop of Henle | reabsorbs NaCl |
| B cells | mature in bone marrow |
| T cells | move from bone to the thymus |
| humoral respone | antibodies defend against infection in body fluids |
| cell-mediated response | cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells |
| adaptive immunity | vertebrates only, recognition of traits its specific to particular pathogen using vast array, slower response |
| innate immunity | all animals, recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens using a small set or receptors, faster response |
| 4 stages of food process | ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination |
| ingestion | eating food |
| digestion | break down food to useable molecules |
| absorption | cells take up digestive products |
| elimination | removal of unused waste |
| open | arthropods, mollusks |
| closed | annelids, vertebrate |
| circuit 1 | pulmonary (right)-carries blood lungs to get oxygenated |
| circuit 2 | systemic (left)- carries oxygenated blood to body |
| atrioventricular valve | between chambers |
| semi lunar valves | between ventricles arteries |
| heart murmur | defective value leads to back flow |
| capillaries | thin walls of endothelium and basal lamina |
| arteries | thick, higher pressure |
| veins | thin layer with valves to prevent back-flow |
| small intestine | 6m long, liver is present, duodenum and jejunum and ileum |
| Large intestine | 1.6 m long, absorbs 7 liters of water. present are: transverse colon, ascending and descending colon, rectum, cecum, anus |
| glycogen | stored form of glucose in the body, providing a quick source of energy and helping to regulate blood glucose levels |
| HCI & PEPSIN | break down food proteins, but the stomach lining's mucus and bicarbonate ions protect it from damage |
| evolutionary innovations in guts allowing varied diets including | specialized enzymes, diverse gut microbes, morphological adaptions, and adjustable physiology |
| stages of action potential | resting state, depolarization, rising, falling, undershoot |
| action potential | +50 |
| threshold potential | -50 |
| resting potential | under 50 |
| rising | -Na^t channels activated, becomes(t) inside |
| falling | -Na channels inactivated, K+ channels activated |
| undershoot | Ap from last region activates neighboring regions AP |
| what flap of tissue prevents food from entering the airway | epiglottis |
| what is the hormone released to stimulate contractions? | oxycotin |
Created by:
tmward3
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