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Behavioural Ecology

Parenting

QuestionAnswer
Behavioural ecology of parenting Parental investment (PI) diversity PI and mating patterns Optimising PI Parent-offspring conflict Offspring sex ratios Sibling rivalry
Parental investment is central to the mating pattern Mostly female investment, some species males take a greater role
Why do females generally care more? More direct fitness return Greater cost of desertion Higher confidence of genetic parentage
Optimising parental investment (PI) - offspring number - type of care and individual investment - level and duration of care Can lead to conflict
1) offspring number Greater investment generates increased fitness returns
2) type of care and individual investment Parental investment generates increased offspring fitness
3) individual investment: male duck quality - mating investment of female mallards influenced by male cartenoid-based colouration
4) level of care and investment future costs of reproduction?
Parent-offspring conflict CONFLICT between optimal PI for the offspring vs parent? Offspring is 100% related to itself, parent only 50% Offspring optimum always greater than parent optimum
Parent-offspring conflict Paternal and maternal genotypes can be in conflict over PI WHEN to stop PI and invest in self / future offspring???
Parental investment: when to stop? MAX investment for parent fitness (parent's PI OPT) vs MAX investment for offspring fitness (offspring's PI OPT) in between is conflict zone Cost to parent is greater, r to offspring = 0.5 (lost opportunities for further offspring)
Offspring sex ratios Why are sex-ratios invariably evolved at 50:50? If one sex is produced in lower numbers, that sex becomes a rarer mating type in the population The rarer sex will then enjoy greater reproductive success, compared with the commoner sex
Offspring sex ratios Selection will then act on increasing production of the rarer sex = Biased production of the rarer sex returns the ratio to 50:50
Short-term offspring sex ratio biasing? The Trivers-Willard Theory of sex allocation = Because males usually have higher reproductive potential and variance than females, better conditions should favour investment in sons - to enable realisation of that potential
Example If large male body size/higher status is an advantage in mate competition, if you’re going to produce a large/ high status offspring, make it a son - which will out-reproduce a daughter (and vice versa)
TRIVERS-WILLARD effect elusive in mammals BUT Red deer on the Isle of Rhum fit the model: higher socially-ranking hinds produce more sons TRADE-OFF: Red deer hinds take 11 days longer to come into oestrous OR miss an entire season after producing a (more costly) son
Sex ratio adjustment Female swallows in better conditions produce more male chicks
Manipulated maternal condition upward = supplementary feeding
Or downward = extended egg laying by removing eggs
Supplementary feeding experiments (= high maternal condition) maintained near-even sex ratio
No supplementary feeding (low maternal condition) generated sex ratio bias towards females AS MATERNAL CONDITION BECAME POORER
So... (No difference in hatching success between treatments indicates that variance was in primary sex ratio and NOT differential (male) embryonic mortality)
SONS cost more to raise: higher male chick mortality as maternal condition deteriorated SO females should bias investment away from sons as maternal condition deteriorates
Sibling rivalry: begging behaviour in birds varies with sibling relatedness, loudness influences feeding
Sibling rivalry: siblicide Facultative siblicide in blue-footed boobies: late-hatcher sometimes evicted from nest by rival offspring Occurs more frequently when food conditions are constrained
Siblicide Obligate siblicide in masked boobies Insurance against egg hatch failure (inbreeding) Cost of rearing two chicks results in neither surviving
Created by: reub8n
Popular Ecology sets

 

 



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