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Fungi that absorbs nutrients from decaying plant matter are called
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Which of the following is a major characteristic of fungi that distinguishes them from most other eukaryotes
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Bio 112 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fungi that absorbs nutrients from decaying plant matter are called | saprobes |
| Which of the following is a major characteristic of fungi that distinguishes them from most other eukaryotes | Nutrients acquisition via external digestion (they are a fungus that eat decay) |
| Fungi that absorbs nutrients from decaying plant matter are called | saprobes |
| Which of the following is a major characteristic of fungi that distinguishes them from most other eukaryotes | Nutrients acquisition via external digestion (they are a fungus that eat decay) |
| Why is it more difficult to treat fungal infections than baterial infections in humans | Fungal and animal cells have similar proteins. Drugs used to destroy fungal cells could also disrupt animal cells |
| Long branching fungal filaments are called | hyphae |
| Which of these fungal features supports the phylogenetic conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants | The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin (similar to beatles) |
| Which of these fungal features supports the phylogenetic conclusion that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants | The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin (similar to beatles) |
| In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds and organelles throughtout the hyphae? | pores in crosswalls |
| t has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis? | Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated |
| t has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis? | Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated |
| What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from fungus to host? | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
| What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from fungus to host? | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi |
| Whenpathogenicfungiarefoundgrowingontherootsofvines,farmerssometimesrespondbycoveringthegroundaroundtheirvineswithplasticsheetingandpumpingagaseousfungicideintothesoil. The most important concern of farmers who engage in this practice should be that the | Fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae |
| Whenpathogenicfungiarefoundgrowingontherootsofvines,farmerssometimesrespondbycoveringthegroundaroundtheirvineswithplasticsheetingandpumpingagaseousfungicideintothesoil. The most important concern of farmers who engage in this practice should be that the | Fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae |
| Why is it important that ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) have peptidase enzymes? | These enzymes are needed to release nitrogen from dead plant material in colder environments |
| Why is it important that ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) have peptidase enzymes? | These enzymes are needed to release nitrogen from dead plant material in colder environments |
| Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle? | Fungi released fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms the utilize |
| Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi among the Eukaryotes? | animals |
| Studies have shown that in some forest ecosystems carbon can move from one tree to another via mycorrhizal fungi. Which of the following features of fungal biology enables this? | The cells of fungal hyphae are connected by pores that allow passage of cytoplasm from cell to cell |
| Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle? | Fungi released fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms the utilize |
| When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? | fungal enzymes |
| Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi among the Eukaryotes? | animals |
| Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil? | Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules |
| Studies have shown that in some forest ecosystems carbon can move from one tree to another via mycorrhizal fungi. Which of the following features of fungal biology enables this? | The cells of fungal hyphae are connected by pores that allow passage of cytoplasm from cell to cell |
| what characteristics, structures or processes is common to bacteria and viruses | genetic material composed of nucleic acid |
| When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? | fungal enzymes |
| HIV is inactivated in the laboratory after a few minutes of sitting atroomtemperature,butthefluvirusisstillactiveaftersittingforseveralhours. What are the practical consequences of these findings?what is the function of reverse transcriptase in retrovirus | the flu virus can be transmitted more easily from person to person than HIV |
| Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil? | Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules |
| what is the function of reverse transcriptase in retrovirus | uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis |
| what characteristics, structures or processes is common to bacteria and viruses | genetic material composed of nucleic acid |
| Effective antiviral drugs are usually associated with which properties | interference with viral replication |
| HIV is inactivated in the laboratory after a few minutes of sitting atroomtemperature,butthefluvirusisstillactiveaftersittingforseveralhours. What are the practical consequences of these findings?what is the function of reverse transcriptase in retrovirus | the flu virus can be transmitted more easily from person to person than HIV |
| what is the function of reverse transcriptase in retrovirus | uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis |
| Effective antiviral drugs are usually associated with which properties | interference with viral replication |
| why do RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes | host cells lack enzymes that can replicate the viral genome |
| You just discovered a new virus. This virus infects heart muscle, where it causes inflammation, and has a very high mutation rate. Which of the following is the best strategy for finding a treatment for this virus? | identify the receptor this virus uses and develop a drug that blocks the receptor |
| what would the result be if a drug that blocks the action of rna polymerase was introduced into a virus-infected organism? | viral replication would stop |
| Viruses use the host's machinery to make copies of themselves. However, some human viruses require a type of replication that humans do not normally have. For example, humans normally do not have the ability to convert RNA into DNA. How can these types of | the viral genome has genes coding for enzymes needed for its own reproduction |
| Which of the following viruses would most likely have reverse transcriptase? | An RNA based lysogenic virus |
| What are the arguments for considering viruses non living? | Doesnt need to consume energy to survive and unable to replicate without metabolic machinery |
| What is the main structural difference between enveloped and nonenveloped viruses? | The lipid bilayer is present in enveloped viruses and absent in nonenveloped viruses |
| The HIV protease has been the target of several anti-HIV medications called protease inhibitors. Why is this antiviral strategy possible? | Prevent the formation of active viral protein uses |
| What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic? | Epidemic affects a large number of people within a community, pandemic spreads over multiple countries |
| what is an example of a eukaryote pathogens that infects humans? | malaria |
| Why are protists and bacteria grouped into different domains? | protists have membrane bound nucleus, bacteria lacks this |
| Why are protists considered to be a paraphyletic group? | A trait common in a single monophyletic group but not generally found outside of that group |
| which of the following statement best describes the term synapomorphy? | They include some but not all descendants of their most recent common ancestor |
| Why might encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments help reduce global warming? | Because photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels |
| A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. How would you know this? | The chloroplast only have three to four membranes |
| Which major eukaryotic lineages form the Bikonta, a monophyletic group characterized by two flagella as a synapomorphy? | Alveolate, stramenopila, rhizaria, plantae, excavate |
| According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? | The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| According to the endosymbiosis theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? | From engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria |
| Which eukaryote organelle was derives from an ancestral cyanobacterium? | Chloroplast |
| What is the leading hypothesis on the origin of the nucleus? | The nucleus was formed through in folding of the plasma membrane |
| What are some of the organelles or cellular structures that all protists share?What are some of the organelles or cellular structures that all protists share? | Nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, golgi body, chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum |
| Transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes includes processes such as alternative splicing that are not observed in bacteria or archaea. What changes occurred in the eukaryotic cell to make alternative splicing possible? | spatial separation of transcription and translation |
| What places in eukaryotic cell contain genomes? | mitochondria and chloroplast |
| In the past decade many new species of eukaryotic "picoplankton" have been discovered. What technique has enabled their discovery? | Direct sequencing of environmental samples |
| Assume that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which phenotypic changes would yo | Loss of chloroplast |
| among protists what term describes feeding by engulfing then digesting prey? | Phagocytosis |
| What is the leading hypothesis on the origin of the nucleus? | The nucleus was formed through in folding of the plasma membrane |
| Are all protists unicellular? | false |
| Transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes includes processes such as alternative splicing that are not observed in bacteria or archaea. What changes occurred in the eukaryotic cell to make alternative splicing possible? | spatial separation of transcription and translation |
| Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because? | Photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels |
| In the past decade many new species of eukaryotic "picoplankton" have been discovered. What technique has enabled their discovery? | Direct sequencing of environmental samples |
| which traits do archaea and bacteria share | |
| among protists what term describes feeding by engulfing then digesting prey? | Phagocytosis |
| what organisms are most numerous on earth? | |
| Are all protists unicellular? | false |
| To establish a link between a specific bacterium and a skin disease, researchers have shown that the bacterium was present in sick persons but not in healthy individuals. They isolated the bacterium in a pure culture and demonstrated that experimental hea | |
| Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because? | Photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels |
| Some researchers have begun attempting to clean up oil spills by adding nonindigenous microbial hydrocarbon degraders to the spill, in the hope that these bacteria will neutralize the dangerous chemicals in the spill. What is this an example of ? | |
| which traits do archaea and bacteria share | presence of plasma membrane and lack of a nuclear envelope |
| prokaryotes are classifies as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? | bacteria and archaea |
| what organisms are most numerous on earth? | prokaryotes |
| what is the goal of bioremediation? | to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria |
| To establish a link between a specific bacterium and a skin disease, researchers have shown that the bacterium was present in sick persons but not in healthy individuals. They isolated the bacterium in a pure culture and demonstrated that experimental hea | isolate bacterium from an infected sick animal and demonstrate that it is the same bacterium as the one used for infection |
| you might be interested to know how many different types of bacteria live on the shower curtain in your bathroom. What is the most efficient method for finding out? | seeding |
| Some researchers have begun attempting to clean up oil spills by adding nonindigenous microbial hydrocarbon degraders to the spill, in the hope that these bacteria will neutralize the dangerous chemicals in the spill. What is this an example of ? | antibiotics |
| a prokaryote that obtains energy from light is a | Gram-positive shows blue or purple stain. Gram-negative shows as pink or red |
| chemicals, secreted by soil fungi which inhibit the growth of bacteria are also known as | Autotrophs gain energy from inorganic sources. Heterotroph gain energy from other organisms |
| A prokaryote that obtains energy and carnon as it decomposes dead organisms is a | Genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences |
| microbiologist use the gram stain to aid in identification of bacteria. What is the major difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria? | sugar |
| among the bacteria, plantlike photosynthesis that releases oxygen (O2) occurs in? | |
| biologist sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs, How do these two groups differ? | |
| A prokaryote that obtains carbon and energy by ingesting prey is a | |
| Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains? | |
| magine that you are given some chemoorganotrophic bacteria to grow. What should you use as a source of energy for this type of bacteria? And this question can be modified for other types of prokaryote... | |
| you might be interested to know how many different types of bacteria live on the shower curtain in your bathroom. What is the most efficient method for finding out? | |
| a prokaryote that obtains energy from light is a | |
| A prokaryote that obtains energy and carnon as it decomposes dead organisms is a | |
| among the bacteria, plantlike photosynthesis that releases oxygen (O2) occurs in? | |
| A prokaryote that obtains carbon and energy by ingesting prey is a | |
| The purple non sulfur bacterium Rhodospirillum grow best as photoheterotroph. What are the most favorable sources of energy and carbon for this bacterium? | |
| A newly discovered organism is found to use sulfide for aerobic respiration and carbon dioxide from the air as a source of carbon, much like a plant. What must this organism be? | |
| Multicellularity and large body size of eukaryotic organisms require high metabolic rates and efficient ATP production by aerobic respiration. How did bacteria change Earth's atmosphere to enable aerobic respiration? | |
| A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification? | |
| Which of the following describes all existing bacteria? | |
| Which of the following obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances to obtain energy that is used, in part, to fix carbon dioxide? |
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