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Behavioural Ecology

Sexual conflict

QuestionAnswer
What is sexual conflict? When reproductive 'aims' of males and females are different
Why does it exist? Divergent Potential Reproductive Rates of males and females Selection then acts in general: - On males to prioritise mate quantity through competition - On females to prioritise mate quality through choice - Different potentials can cause conflict
Types of conflict: 1. direct conflict Too many males
2. genetic conflict Non-preferred males
3. indirect conflict Costs arising from male to male conflict/competition
4. intragenomic conflict Two sexes, one genome
Variation in conflict: Potential Reproductive Rate differences - Interests more aligned (monogamy) - Interests more divergent (promiscuity)
Costs of mating: 1. time wasting (subtracting from time to forage, oviposit, be efficient etc)
2. predation/abiotic risks
3. injury/trauma
4. pathogen transmission
5. disruption of reproductive pair bonds (risk of desertion)
6. costs arising from male:male competition adaptations
Costs of paternity: infanticide 260 mammal species analysed for male infanticide: -119 infanticidal -141 not infanticidal
Costs of mating WIDE OPPORTUNITY FOR REPRODUCTIVE COSTS WITHIN ANIMAL MATING PATTERNS (TIMEWASTING, PREDATION, INJURY, DISEASE, DIVORCE, MANIPULATION…)
Costs of mating WHEN COSTS OUTWEIGH BENEFITS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION & SEXUAL SELECTION = SEXUAL CONFLICT
Costs of mating WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE THAT COSTS OUTWEIGH THE BENEFITS, AND CONFLICT EXISTS, AND HOW IS IT RESOLVED….??
Females evolving WITHOUT sexual conflict quickly lost their ability to tolerate it (=must have been costly to maintain?)
CONFLICT & RESOLUTION: SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Male-female co-evolution in Callosobruchus maculatus
CONFLICT & RESOLUTION: SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Mating causes damage to the female tract Multi-mating causes more damage Multi-mating causes reduced female fitness & shorter lifespan
Summary FEMALES AND MALES NEED EACH OTHER FOR SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, BUT THEIR INDIVIDUAL ‘INTERESTS’ CAN BE DIVERGENT DIVERGENCE LEADS TO ADAPTATIONS CAUSING SEXUAL CONFLICT (e.g. MATING BEHAVIOUR, MANIPULATION, COMPETITION TRAITS....)
Summary SEXUAL CONFLICT CAUSES BALANCED CO-EVOLUTION, SO CAN BE TRICKY TO SEE / MEASURE BUT CONFLICT COULD CREATE A LOAD ON POPULATIONS WIDER INFLUENCES OF SEXUAL CONLFICT…????
CAN SEXUAL CONFLICT INFLUENCE SPECIATION – BIODIVERSITY?? Could multiple male-female arms races lead to more / faster reproductive isolation?? Diversity in reproductive structures only variant between species in some groups
Sexual conflict in Sepsis flies: mating compatibility Increasing sexual conflict = reduced reproductive compatibility between populations = evidence for evolution of reproductive isolation and therefore incipient speciation
Created by: rose.coo
Popular Ecology sets

 

 



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