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bio 8 review
bacteria, protists, and viruses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does biogenesis mean? | The formation of new living organisms from nonliving chemicals |
| What was the purpose of the Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)? | To demonstrate that the building blocks for life can form under conditions that simulate early Earth (nucleotides, amino acids). |
| What domain of life do protists belong to? | Eukarya |
| What are the physical characteristics of prokaryotic cells? | Cell wall, a sticky capsule that covers the cell wall that provides protection and allows cell to adhere to surfaces, flagella, endospore (thick shelled protective container for harsh conditions) |
| Through what process do prokaryotes divide? | Binary fission |
| What is biofilm? | A well-organized community of bacteria that adheres to surfaces and is embedded in an extracellular slime layer (ex: tooth plaque). |
| How are some bacteria able to survive really harsh conditions? | The formation of an endospore help bacteria survive harsh conditions |
| What are the three bacterial shapes? | Cocci (round/spherical), Bacilli (rod-shaped), Spiral (spiral or curved shaped) |
| Which prokaryotes tend to be extremophiles? | Archaea. Archaea thrives in extreme environments. |
| Where would you find a thermophile, a halophile, or a methanogen? | Thermophile - live in super hot temperatures (hot springs, geysers, deep-sea volcanic vents). Halophiles - thrive in very high salt concentrations (dead sea). Methanogens- live in oxygen free environments (in the thick mud at the bottom of a swamp). |
| Why is decomposition important? | To breakdown dead organisms and to return their nutrients back to the environment (chemical recycling). |
| What is a parasite? | A protozoan, protists that obtain nutrients primarily by eating (other organisms). Parasites can cause disease |
| Why is it incorrect to say all bacteria are pathogenic? | Yes, most bacteria are helpful. Only some cause disease. |
| What is nitrogen-fixation, and why is it important? | In the soil, bacteria convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form (like ammonia) that plants can use. Without this, plants would starve for nitrogen. |
| Through what process did chloroplasts and mitochondria arise in eukaryotic cells? | Endosymbiosis - when one species lives inside of another host species |
| Define the term, protist. | All eukaryotes that do not belong to the plant, animal, or fungus kingdoms. Both unicellular and multicellular |
| What is a protozoan? What is Plasmodium? | Protozoan are protists that obtain nutrients primarily by eating other organisms. Plasmodium are protozoa (parasites) that cause disease. |
| Which protists move using pseudopodia and engulf cells? | Amoebas |
| Which protists behave like fungi and decompose organic material? | Slime molds |
| What are algae? | Photosynthetic protists able to produce their own food from sunlight. |
| Which group of photosynthetic protists was considered multicellular, like plants? | Seaweeds |
| How do viruses replicate? | Viruses must infect a living cell and direct the cell's internal machinery to make more viruses |
| During which cycle do viruses kill their host cell? | Lytic cycle |
| What is a bacteriophage (phage) TRANSDUCTION? (DNA transfer btwn bacteria). | the transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage, a virus that infects bacteria |
| Transformation (DNA transfer btwn bacteria) | The uptake of naked DNA from the surrounding environment into a bacterial cell |
| How does transformation work? | A dead bacterium may release DNA into the environment. Such pieces of DNA may then be taken up by other bacteria. |
| What is conjugation? (DNA transfer btwn bacteria). | The transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells through a physical bridge. Donor cell uses a sex pilus to form the bridge. |
| Plasmids (DNA transfer btwn bacteria) | a small, circular DNA molecule- a mini "chromosome" typically containing just a few genes- that resides in the cytoplasm of a bacterium and can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. (bad in hospitals) |
| What is a retrovirus? | a virus with an RNA genome that is converted to DNA prior to viral reproduction. Flows from RNA to DNA instead of DNA to RNA. Retrovirus example: HIV |
| What does HIV destroy? | helper T-cells, a key component of the human immune system |
| What does HIV rely on? | the action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase for reproduction. |
| What are two non living parasites that are smaller than viruses? | prions and viroids |
| what is a prion? | an infectious protein |
| what are viroids? | small circular single-stranded RNA molecules that are capable of infecting and causing disease in plants |
| What is the difference between the cells of colonies versus the cells of truly multicellular organisms? | Cells of colonies are all identical and live independently while cells of multicellular organisms are specialized and cannot live independently. |
| What are some examples of the monomers produced from the miller-urey experiment? | thymine, glucose, glycerol, and glycine (made up of CHON) |
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