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Evolution - Biology
grade 11 bio evolution unit 2
| How do genetics play a role in Evolution? | Through mutations, genetic diversity increases the likelihood of survival for a species as it gives it variety and therefor allows it to adapt to it's environment. |
| What is the circle of evolution diagram? | Genetics (probability) --> competition --> Ecology (survival) --> natural selection --> Evolution --> diversity --> repeat |
| What is artificial selection? | when humans get involved in selecting who survives by selective breeding and artificially providing certain species with resources (ie. Pets, crop breeding, etc) |
| What is the goal of viruses? | Viruses want to spread to new hosts and evolve so they do not want to kill you too fast because if you die off without spreading the virus they will die with you. |
| What are genetics? | The study of certain traits and alleles are passed down between generations. Genes are the code that make up a living being and determine the probability of certain traits showing up in ones offspring. |
| What is competition and what does it lead to? | Competition in an ecosystem is when multiple species are competing for a limited set of resources. The species that can adapt to the competition is able to survive and pass down their genes leading to diversity in ecology. |
| What is ecology? | Ecology is the study of the relationship of organisms with their environment. Ecology decides which species actually survive and pass down their alleles rather than what is the probability of them being born in the first place. |
| What is natural selection? | As the factors in an environment change, natural selection chooses which species are adaptable enough to reproduce (survival of the fittest - not used in science). Natural selection doesn't kill the weak, but pushes species to survive in their habitat. |
| What is evolution? | The adaptability of species that dictates what genes are in the gene pool and which organisms continue to reproduce. This creates genetic diversity |
| What are the 2 ways to evolve? | 1. Either you win in competition and kill off the other organisms. 2. Either one of the species forfeits and adapts to develop new skills in order to find resources another way. |
| Explain the Peppered Moth case. | England went through an industrial revolution where a black smoke covered the country. Trees that used to camouflage light moths became dark. Natural selection aided the dark moths in the new habitat, giving them time to breed and hid them from predators. |
| What was Dr. Kettlewell's hypothesis and experiment? | Dark moths on light trees and light moths on dark trees would die due to lack of camouflage. Meaning the rise in dark moths is natural selection and not colour change, he simulated a dark and light forest to test the population of moth colours in each. |
| What did the ancient philosophers think of evolution? | They believed that since God was responsible for all creation, creatures were perfect and permanent. They thought that there was no possibility of change or evolution and that extinction wasn't a possible fate for a species. |
| What are fossils? | Fossils are made when an organism dies and gets buried under many layers of sediments that build up over time. The hard remains eventually leave an impression in the sediments due to pressure and become stone. Layers of fossils are called strata. |
| What is paleontology? | The study of fossils, credited to Georges Cuvier (1769-1832). |
| Describe Georges Cuvier's discoveries. | Through the discovery of fossils of species that were never seen before, Cuvier found that extinction was possible. Fossils of more familiar species were closer to the surface and the further down they dug, the less they recognized. --> Catastrophism. |
| What is Catastrophism? | Catastrophism is the belief that Sudden natural disasters (catastrophes) wiped out species in an area that were then replaced by different ones moving in, creating the differences in the strata of fossils. |
| Describe James Hutton's theory. | James Hutton (1726-1797) did not agree with catastrophism and instead believed in Gradualism. All the contradiction of the bible was rubbing people the wrong way. |
| What is Gradualism? | Gradualism is the belief that the Earth changes gradually over time, ex. the flow of a river slowly wearing away the land to create a canyon. |
| Describe Charles Lyell's theory. | Charles Lyell expanded on James Hutton's theory and suggested Uniformitarianism. These ideas were first to suggest that the Earth was older than the literal interpretation of the Bible. He would later be friends with Darwin & heavily influence his ideas. |
| What is Uniformitarianism? | The belief that the Earth is continuing to change and has always done so at a steady uniform pace. |
| Describe Jean Baptiste Lamarck's theories. He was mocked for his theories but Darwin later championed his initial ideas. | Lamarck (1744-1829) said fossils suggests that species are changing over time. He was the first to say that species would change to adapt to their environments through acquired traits. He got the motivation & inheritance correct, but the mechanism wrong. |
| What are acquired traits? | During course of one's lifetime they could acquire new traits based on “felt needs”. These traits could be passed on to their children. Ex. Giraffes stretched their necks in order to reach food so their children would be born with long necks. |
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