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The Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Soma (cell body) | The life support containing the nucleus and most organelles |
| Dendrites | The main receptor of signals; input region |
| Axon | Generates and transmits nerve impulses; the conducting region (AKA nerve fiber) |
| Ganglion | Collection of nerve cell bodies located in the body (apart from the brain or spinal cord). |
| Nerve | Bundles of axons that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body |
| Axon terminal | The end of the axon that released neurotransmitters at a synapse when a nerve impulse is received; the secretary region |
| Myelin sheath | Covers long axons to protect and electrically insulate them to increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Unmyelinated gaps in the myelin sheath that aid in increasing the velocity of nerve signal conduction |
| Sensory neurons | Transmit info from sensory receptors to the CNS (AKA afferent neurons) |
| Motor neurons | Transport info from CNS to the rest of the body (AKA efferent neurons) |
| Interneurons | Housed in the CNS and transport info between the sensory and motor neurons (AKA association neurons) |
| Resting membrane potential | The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state |
| Graded potential | Generated mainly by sensory input, using a change in the conductance of the membrane of the sensory receptor cell |
| Threshold | The membrane voltage that must be reached in an excitable cell during polarization in order to generate an action potential |
| Action potential | A rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane |
| Nerve impulse | The change in electrical charge that moves along a nerve fiber of a neuron in response to a stimulus. Transmits sensation and carries instruction. |
| Depolarization | A change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the call compared to the outside. |
| Repolarization | The change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential has changed the membrane potential to a positive value |
| Hyperolarization | The membrane becomes more negative then it's homeostasis point |
| Synapse | The space between the end of a nerve cell and another cell |
| Meninges | The three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord |
| Ventricle | Structures that produce cerebrospinal fluid and transport it around the cranial cavity |
| Cerebrum | The largest part of the brain |
| Cerebellum | The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem |
| Brain stem | The structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that your body can't function without |
| Hormone | Chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body |
| Mechanoreceptor | A sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion |
| Thermoreceptor | Specialized parts of neurons/nerve cell endings that give the body the ability to detect changes in temperature |
| Photoreceptor | Specialized cells in the retina responsible for detecting and translating light to neural signals that the brain can process |
| Chemoreceptor | A sensory nerve cell/sense organ that are able to detect and respond to chemical stimuli |
| Nociceptor | Sensory receptors that are activated by noxious stimuli that damage or threaten the body's integrity |
| Reflex | An action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought |
Created by:
HanHau
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