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Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cerebellum | part of the brain that regulates smooth, coordinated muscular actions and balance |
| brain stem | part of brain regulating visceral functions |
| spinal cord | part of CNS that relays impulses to/from appendicular and axial skeleton |
| meninges | the protective wrapping around the CNS |
| pia mater | the innermost layer of the meninges |
| arachnoid mater | the middle layer of the meninges |
| dura mater | the outermost layer of the meninges |
| meningitis | swelling/inflammation of the protective wrapping around the CNS |
| gyrus | a raised area of the cerebrum and cerebellum |
| fissure | a deep gap between CNS regions |
| 31 | pairs of spinal nerves |
| 12 | pairs of cranial nerves |
| sympathetic | "fight or flight" autonomic nerves |
| parasympathetic | "rest and digest" autonomic nerves |
| cortex | outer region of cerebrum and cerebellum composed of gray matter |
| neuron | a nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses |
| corpus callosum | bridge of tissue that allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate |
| olfactory | cranial nerve for smell |
| optic | cranial nerve for vision |
| oculomotor | cranial nerve for muscles that move the eyeball |
| facial | cranial nerve for muscles like zygomaticus, orbicularis oculi, frontalis |
| vestibulocochlear | cranial nerve for hearing and balance |
| glossopharyngeal | cranial nerve for taste |
| vagus | cranial nerve for heart, lungs, intestines, etc; associated with syncope |
| hypoglossal | cranial nerve for moving the tongue muscles |
| viscera | technical term meaning organs |
| homeostasis | the body's goal of maintaining a stable internal environment |
| vertebral foramen | protective opening through which the spinal cord passes |
| foramen magnum | opening in base of skull through which the spinal cord passes |
| frontal | lobe responsible for making decisions, movement, planning and organizing |
| parietal | lobe responsible for receiving and processing sensory information |
| occipital | lobe responsible for vision |
| temporal | lobe responsible for hearing; sense of smell |
| thalamus | very top of the brain stem that relays sensory impulses up to the cortex |
| hypothalamus | a region near the brain stem responsible for thirst, hunger, body temp, etc. |
| medulla oblongata | lowest region of the brain stem; reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, and swallowing; regulation of heart rate |
| pineal | gland that forms melatonin; regulates daily rhythms |
| midbrain | near the top of the brain is this region which acts as a reflex center for visual auditory and tactile responses |
| reticular formation | neurons spread throughout the brain stem helping to awaken the cerebral cortex |
| pons | relays impulses between brain stem and cerebellum; breathing rate |
| homunculus | a maplike representation of regions of the body in the brain |
| interneuron | a neuron that carries nerve impulses from one neuron to another |
| afferent | a sensory neuron |
| efferent | a motor neuron |
| cerebrospinal fluid | fluid within the CNS |
| sulcus (sulci) | a shallow groove in cerebrum and cerebellum |
| lumbar puncture | a procedure to withdraw cerebral spinal fluid |
| gray | matter that does not have myelin |
| white | matter that has myelin |
| myelin sheath | wrapping around a neuron |
| somatosensory | the cortex that receives impulses from various body regions; located in parietal lobe |
| primary motor cortex | the cortex that sends out impulses to various body regions; located in the frontal lobe |
| melatonin | plays a role in tiredness/sleep depending on exposure to UV light; hormone resposible for repairing the body and is an antioxidant. |
| limbic system | neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives |
| central canal | canal within the spinal cord that contains cerebral spinal fluid |
| cranial reflex | reflex that is processed in the brain |
| spinal reflex | a reflex controlled at the level of the spinal cord that may involve as few as two neurons |
| voluntary | a movement that you can control; skeletal muscle movement |
| involuntary | controlled by the autonomic nervous system |
| somatic motor neurons | PNS nerves that innervate skin and muscle |
| autonomic motor neurons | PNS nerves that innervate organs |
| visceral reflexes | Unconscious, automatic responses to stimulation of glands, cardiac or smooth muscle; important to homeostasis |
| sensory input | information going to the brain |
| integration | the processing of information that occurs in the central nervous system |
| motor output | the response that occurs and carries impulses away from the brain and spinal cord. |
| central nervous system | the nervous system that includes the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | the nervous system that includes nerves coming off the brain and spinal cord |
| neuroglia | cells int he nervous system that support and nourish neurons |
| cell body | part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles |
| dendrite | part of a neuron that receives signals. |
| axon | part of a neuron that transmits signals |
| axon terminal | end of the axon, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell |
| motor neuron | a neuron that carries message away from the CNS |
| sensory neuron | a neuron that carries information to the CNS |
| interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord (CNS) that process information |
| synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
| Neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons |
| Acetylcholine & Norepinephrine | types of neurotransmitters |
| white matter | areas of the CNS that contain myelinated axon |
| gray matter | areas of the CNS that lack myelin |
| diencephalon | central area in the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain that regulates reasoning, analysis, daydreaming, etc. Consist of the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. |
| insula | located deep within the lateral sulcus that is the location of the primary taste area |
Created by:
brookebiery
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