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Biology Chapter 5+6

Biology Chapter 5+6 Terms

TermDefinition
Plasma Membrane A semipermeable barrier between the internal cellular environment and the extracellular world.
Fluid Mosaic Model A model that describes the fluid characteristic of the plasma membrane.
Membrane Proteins Proteins that are associated with the membrane and are responsible for metabolism, signaling, transport of substances, energy transduction, cell identity, secretion, and cell-to-cell connection.
Lipid Anchored Protein/Monotopic Membrane Protein An integral membrane protein that is permanently attached to the membrane on one side.
Transmembrane Protein An integral membrane protein that is exposed to both the inside and outside of the cell.
Peripheral Membrane Proteins Membrane proteins that are not part of the membrane but associate closely with the polar region of the membrane or integral membrane proteins.
Selective Transport Channels Membrane proteins found on the plasma membrane to assist the transportation of ions and molecules across the membrane.
Enzyme Protein molecules that catalyze chemical reactions.
Cell Surface Receptor Transmembrane proteins that serve as receptors on the surface of cells.
Cell Surface Identity Marker Transmembrane proteins that serve as markers to allow cell-to-cell identification.
Glycoproteins A hydrid of carbohydrates and proteins.
Cadherin A cell adhesion protein molecule.
Cell Adhesion Proteins Monotopic membrane proteins that allow cells to adhere to one another.
Cyoskeleton Attachment Connections between peripheral membrane proteins and monotopic membrane proteins that allow cells to interact with extracellular activities.
Kinetic Energy The amount of energy an object possesses while it is in motion.
Diffusion The random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentratin to an area of lower concentration to eventually reach a state of equilibrium.
Temperature The average kinetic energy of the molecules in an environment.
Passive Transport When molecules move across the membrane without needing additional energy.
Simple Diffusion The movement of molecules across the membrane down the concentration gradient without help.
Facilitated Diffusion The movement of molecules across the membrane that is facilitated by membrane proteins.
Aquaporin A water channel protein
GLUT1 Transporter A glucose carrier protein.
Osmosis The passive transport of water molecules that utilizes both simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Chemical Gradient A concentration gradient that has to do with the amount of solutes
Electrochemical Gradient A concentration gradient of ions across a membrane that has an overall net charge.
Membrane Potential The charge difference across a membrane.
Solute Dissolved substances in a solution.
Solvent The liquid that solutes dissolve in.
Isotonic Condition A condition in which the solute concentration inside a cell is the same as the concentration outside the cell.
Hypertonic Condition A condition on one side of a cell that has a greater solute concentration in comparison to the opposing side.
Hypotonic Condition A condition on one side of a cell that has a lower solute concentration in comparison to the opposing side.
Crenation A process where animal cells in a hypertonic condition shrivel up and become spikey/irregular in size and shape.
Plasmolysis A process where a plant cell's internal membrane and cytoplasm shrivels in size due to hypertonic conditions.
Uniporter A transporter that only moves a single solute in one direction
Symporter A transporter that moves 2 different types of solutes at once in one direction.
Antiporter A transporter that moves 2 different types of solute at once in opposite directions.
Active Transport The transport of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane against the concentration gradient using additional cellular energy.
Primary Active Transport A type of active transport that involves the direct hydrolysis of ATP molecules.
Secondary Active Transport A type of active transport that is activated by ion concentration and the electrical gradient established by the primary active transport.
Exocytosis A process where large molecules are released to the extracellular environment.
Endocytosis A process where cells bring substances into the cell.
Phagocytosis A process where the membrane grabs solid particles from the extracellular environment and brings it within the cell.
Pinocytosis A process where the cell drinks extracellular fluids due to the membrane caving inward and enclosing.
Recepter-Mediated Endocytosis A type of endocytosis that only brings in specific types of solute molecules into the cell.
Ligands An ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to other molecules.
Coated Pits A slightly depressed area where receptor proteins are found.
Clatherins A type of membrane protein that line the membrane.
Invaginate Caving Inward.
Potential Energy Energy that is stored.
Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can't be created or destroyed, only moved or transformed.
Entropy Energy that is not usable and causes disorder in a system.
Enthalpy The total amount of energy that exists in a biological system.
Free Energy Energy that is usable.
Delta The difference between the amount of energy before and after a reaction has occured.
G-Product The amount of energy after a chemical reaction.
G-Initial The amount of energy before a chemical reaction.
Anabolic Reactions Endergonic reactions that require a greater input of energy and are nonspontaneous.
Endergonic The input of energy.
Catabolic Reactions Exergonic reactions that release energy and are spontaneous.
Exergonic The release or output of excess energy.
Chemical Equilibrium When the forward and reverse reactions are happening at equal rate.
Adenosine Triphosphate The universal energy currency of life.
Adenosine Diphosphate A product molecule of an ATP hydrolysis reaction.
Chemical Reaction The conversion of reactants to products.
Activation Energy The amount of energy needed to destabilize the reactants.
Transition State Intermediates Unstable reacants
Transition State A state that reactants have to reach before a chemical reaction can occur.
Enzyme Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.
Substrate Molecules that are allowed to bind to a specific enzyme.
Active Site The location where substrates bind to the enzyme.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex The result of substrates bound to an enzyme in the active site.
Suffix -Ase The suffix typically on the end of enzyme names.
Lock-and-key Model An enzyme substrate fit in which the active site is shaped perfectly to accommodate the substrates.
Induced-fit Model An enzyme substrate fit in which the enzyme will change its shape as the substrates bind to the active site.
Apoenzyme An inactivee enzyme that requires the participation of an enzyme partner.
Cofactors Inorganic ions that bind to their intended enzymes temporarily.
Coenzymes Non-protein organic compounds that bind temporarily to the active site.
Prosthetic Groups Non-amino acid molecules that bind permanently to the enzymes.
Irreversible Inhibition An inhibitor that binds permanently to the active site of an enzyme.
Reversible Inhibition An inhibitor that binds temporarily to the enzyme to inhibit its activity.
Competitive Inhibitor A reversible inhibitor that competes with the substrate for the actie site.
Noncompetitive Inhibitor A reverisble inhibitor that binds to an alternative site on the enzyme which causes shape change to the enzyme.
Allosteric Site An alternative site on an enzyme that noncompetitive inhibitors bind to.
Allosteric Different shape
Allosteric Enzymes Enzymes that regulate enzyme activity by changing their 3 dimensional shape.
Active Form Allosteric enzymes that are shaped properly to accept substrates into its active sites.
Inactive Form Allosteric enzymes that are improperly shaped and cannot properly bind substrates in the active sites.
PFK Phosphofructosekinase
Glycolysis Glucose processing for ATP production.
Pepsin An enzyme found in the stomach that breaks down peptide bonds.
Salivary Amylase An enzyme found in our saliva that breaks down starch.
Arginase An enzyme found in various human tissues that catalyzes the conversion of arginine to urea.
Diabetes A metabolic disorder of carbohydrate transport.
Lactose Intolerance A metabolic and enzyme disorder of production of lactase.
Insulin Protein molecules made by cells called the islets in the pancreas that remove the excess glucose in blood.
Lactose A disaccharide found in milk products.
Lactase An enzyme that cleaves lactose by hydrolysis reaction.
Metabolism All chemical reactions in a living system.
Cellular Signal Transduction The process of receptors capturing signals and passing signals internally for appropariate responses.
Exonuclease An enzyme that removes nucleotides
Exosome A protein complex that removes nucleotides
Protease An enzyme that degrades proteins
Proteasome A protein complex that degrades proteins
Autography by Lysosome The cellular way of recycling large cellular organelles.
Created by: Inkie27
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