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Intro to Genetics
Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| heredity | the delivery of characteristics from parent to offspring |
| genetics | the scientific study of heredity |
| Who is the founder of modern science of genetics? | gregor mendel(worked with pea plants) |
| trait | a specific characteristic of an individual |
| alleles | different forms of a gene |
| segregation | separation of alleles during gamete formation |
| gamete | sex cells |
| What happens during gamete formation? | the alleles for each gene segregate from each other |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles for a particular gene |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles for a particular gene |
| phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment |
| genotype | the genetic constitution of an individual organism |
| What is Mendel's principle of independent assortment about? | genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes |
| What is Mendel's principle of heredity about? | observed through patterns of inheritance, form the basis of modern genetics; the inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by genes |
| Are there alleles that are not dominant or recessive? | yes |
| incomplete dominance | cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another |
| codominance | phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed |
| polygenic traits | traits controlled by two or more genes |
| Can the environment affect gene expression? | yes |
| homologous | each of the four chromosomes from one parent has a corresponding chromosome from the other parent |
| diploid | a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes(2N) |
| haploid | cells that contain only a single set of chromosomes and therefore a single set of genes(N) |
| What do diploid cells contain? | two complete sets of inherited chromosomes and two complete sets of genes |
| How are haploid gamete cells produced? | from diploid cells in a process called meiosis |
| What cells does meiosis create? | gametes; sex cells; egg and sperm cells |
| _______ reduces the number of chromosomes by half to form ____________ cells. | Meiosis; reproductive |
| What are the cells called when the chromosome number is halved during meiosis? | haploids |
| meiosis | the process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| What is Mendel's principle of dominance about? | some alleles are dominant and others are recessive |
| By the end of meiosis 2, the diploid cell becomes ____ _______ ______. | four haploid cells |
| What happens to the cell prior to meiosis 1? | the cell undergoes a round of chromosome replication during interphase |
| Homologous chromosomes come together to form a 4-part structure called a ______, consisting of four sister __________. | tetrad; chromatids |
| The chromosomes in the tetrad pair so tightly that non-sister chromosomes exchange genetic material in a process called ________ ____. | crossing over |
| What happens during crossing over? | cells receive a mixture of traits from the chromosomes |
| What happens during prophase 1 of meiosis? | the cell begins to divide, and the chromosomes pair up; each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome; this forms a tetrad |
| Crossing over ________ new combinations of _______. | produces; alleles |
| What happens at the beginning of metaphase 1? | a spindle forms and attaches to each tetrad; paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell; the homologous pairs of chromosomes then separate |
| What happens during Anaphase 1? | spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair towards opposite ends of the cell |
| What happens during telophase 1? | a nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes at each end of the cell |
| What happens during the cytokinesis that follows telophase 1? | two new cells are formed |
| Meiosis 1 results in ___ cells, but neither cell has ___ ________ sets of chromosomes. | two; two complete |
| The two cells produced from meiosis 1 have sets of ___________ and _______ that are __________ from each other and from the diploid cell that entered meiosis 1. | chromosomes; alleles; different |
| What happens during meiosis 2? | two chromatids of each chromosome separate; four haploid cells are produced, called gametes |
| Does chromosome replication occur before entering meiosis 2? | No |
| What happens as cells enter prophase 2? | their chromosomes become visible |
| What happens during metaphase 2? | chromosomes line up in the center of the cell |
| What happens as cells enter anaphase 2? | the paired chromatids separate |
| How do zygotes undergo cell division? | through mitosis |
| What does mitosis make cells for? | growth and repair(somatic cells) |
| What does meiosis make cells for? | reproduction(gametes) |
| What are both mitosis and meiosis preceded by? | complete copying of the genetic material of chromosomes |
| What happens in mitosis when the two sets of genetic material separate? | each daughter cell receives one complete set of chromosomes |
| The sorting and recombination of genes in _______ results in a _______ variety of possible gene combinations than could result from _______. | meiosis; greater; mitosis |
| Is it chromosomes or genes that assort independently? | chromosomes |
| Alleles of different genes tend to be _________ together from one generation to the next when those _____ are located on the ____ chromosome. | inherited; genes; same |
| What is gene mapping? | using the frequency of crossing over between genes to determine their distances from each other |
| Is crossing over more common when genes are closer together or farther apart? | farther apart |
Created by:
alov9636
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