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Chapter 7 Part 2
Honors Biology Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | found in all eukaryotic cells; control of the cell; protects DNA by separating it from nucleases in the cytoplasm |
| Nuclear Envelope | the membrane around the nucleus |
| Nucleolus | site of rRNA synthesis |
| Nucleoplasm | protoplasm of the nucleus |
| Nuclear Sap | the fluid inside the nucleus |
| Chromatin | combination of DNA and histones (proteins) |
| Functional DNA | used by that particular cell to carry out its functions |
| Nonfunctional DNA | stored/compacted DNA that is not used by this cell |
| Ribosomes | site of protein synthesis; non-membrane bound organelles |
| Free Ribosomes | not attached to other organelles; produce proteins for use in the cytoplasm of the cell |
| Attached Ribosomes | attached to the E.R.; produce proteins for export out of the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) | layers of cisternae with interconnecting channels that can be attached to the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane |
| Cisternae | flattened membrane-bound sacs |
| Granular/Rough E.R. | has attached ribosomes; involved in the production of secretory proteins |
| Agranular/Smooth E.R. | no ribosomes; involved in the synthesis of lipid steroids and the detoxification of harmful substances |
| Transport Vesicles | small membrane-bound sacs containing various materials that are involved in intracellular transport and abpsorption |
| Golgi Complex | a series of highly compacted cisternae surrounded by small transport vesicles that processes (separates into categories) and concentrates (drains the water) materials made by the cell from the E.R. |
| Endomembrane System | due to similarities in plasma membrane structure, membranes can "flow" from one organelles to another |
| Vacuole | membrane bound sacs named by their function or what they contain |
| Storage Vacuole | holds materials in the cell for a certain period of time (food vacuole, water vacuole, etc) |
| Biosynthetic Vacuole | materials made by the cell are either held or released |
| Secretion Vacuole | exports materials made by the cell |
| Excretion Vacuole | exports metabolic waste, materials left over after they were digested by the cell (materials aren't made by cell, came from out of cell) |
| Osmoregulation | maintaining water balance |
| Lysosome | specially coated vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes; stops the enzyme from escaping and eating the cell itself |
| Intracellular Digestion | when digestion occurs within the cell |
| Extracellular Digestion | lysosomes are secreted outside the cell and then the digested nutrients are absorbed into the cell |
| Autolysis | self destruction in the body as lysosomes destroy damaged/worn out organelles, damaged/diseased cells, or cells no longer needed by the body |
| Cell Coats | non-living secretions covering the outside surface of the cell membrane |
| Slime/Mucus Layer | cell coats that provide protection and defense in bacterial cells; cell coats that keep exposed surfaces moist and reduces friction in multicellular organisms |
| Cell Wall | cell coats that provide protection and support in plant cells |
| Middle Lamella | middle layer between plant cells that contains pectin |
| Pectin | material that glues cells together |
| Primary Cell Wall | cell wall that is built first on the outside of the cell with cellulose fibers that can slide past each other and provide flexibility for growth |
| Secondary Cell Wall | cell wall that is built second and made of cellulose and lignin |
| Lignin | material that binds cellulose fibers together |
| Cytoskeleton | a combination of solid protein filaments (wires) and hollow protein tubules (pipes) that have a supportive role |
| Microfilament | solid protein fibers (called actin and myosin) that provide movement in the cell membrane during pinocytosis and phagocytosis |
| Intermediate Filament | composed of several smaller filaments intertwined together that holds organelles suspended in position |
| Microtubules | large, hollow protein tubes that give shape to the cell, for internal transport for vesicle movement within the cytoplasm and movement of the cell itself |
| Cilia | many short, membrane covered, hair like projections with a 9+2 pattern of microtubules; involved in cellular locomotion; involved in bringing materials to the cell and sweeping materials away from the cell (movement outside the cell) |
| Flagella | few long, membrane covered, whip-like projections with a 9+2 pattern of microtubules; involved in cellular locomotion |
| Centrosome | the cell center found only in animal cells made up of 2 centrioles lying at right angles of each other; acts as a microtubule organizing center, builds the cilia and flagella, and involved in cell division by organizing spindle fibers |
| Centrioles | bundles made up of a 9+0 pattern of microtubules |
| Cell Junctions | points of attachment between cells |
| Tight Junctions | forms an impenetrable barrier preventing the passage of materials into intercellular space |
| Snap Junctions | holds cells together to form tissues with fibers to help anchor the "snap" in place |
| Gap Junctions | forms direct channels from one cell to another, allowing for rapid exchange of material or for communication |
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