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Higher Biology 3.2

Plant and Animal breeding

QuestionAnswer
Why is plant and animal breeding used? To improve characteristics to help support sustainable food production.
Name the four characteristics that breeders desire in their crops and animals. Higher food yields, higher nutritional values, pest and disease resistance, ability to thrive in particular environmental conditions
What are the three things field trials are used to compare? Performance of different cultivars, different treatments, to evaluate how well GM crops grow compared to non-GM
Name the type of studies which are set up to compare how well different cultivars or treatments of GM vs non-GM crops grow. Field trials
What does careful selection of field trial treatments ensure? Valid comparisons
Why do field trials use randomisation of treatments? To eliminate bias when measuring treatment effects
What does the number of replicates in field trials take account of? Variability within the sample
Give the definition of inbreeding. Inbreeding, selected plants or animals are bred for several generations until the population breeds true to the desired type due to the elimination of heterozygotes
Explain why farmers inbreed their animal stock. Produce a desired plant type/ to eliminate heterozygotes.
Describe three aspects of the alleles which accumulate due to an inbreeding depression. They are recessive, deleterious and homozygous
How can new alleles be introduced to plant and animal lines? By crossing a cultivar or breed with an individual with a different desired genotype.
Give two benefits shown in F1 hybrids. They have increased vigour (grow faster and stronger and can be resistant to disease) and have increased yield (produce more product)
Why are the F1 hybrids not usually bred together? The resulting F2 generation would show too much variation
Explain how genome sequencing can help with breeding programmes? Helps identify organisms with desirable genes (for breeding programmes)
Name the type of techniques which allow a single gene to be inserted into a genome which can then be used in breeding programmes. Recombinant DNA technology
Inbreeding can result in an increase in the frequency of individuals who are homozygous for recessive deleterious alleles. What effect will this have on the individuals? These individuals will do less well at surviving to reproduce.
Inbreeding can result in individuals doing less well at surviving to reproduce. What will this result in? Inbreeding depression
In animals, why are individuals from different breeds crossbred? They may produce a new crossbred population with improved characteristics
Why are two parent breeds maintains in crossbreeding? So they can be used to produce more crossbred animals showing the improved characteristic.
Which characteristics may plants with increased vigour have? Increased disease resistance or increased growth rate
Give two examples of recombinant DNA technology in plant breeding. Insertion of Bt toxin gene into plants for pest resistance and glyphosate resistance gene inserted for herbicide tolerance.
Inserting a Bt toxin gene into plants using recombinant DNA technology results in which trait? Pest resistance
Inserting a glyphosate resistance gene into plants using recombinant DNA technology results in which trait? Herbicide tolerance
Created by: MsKerrBiology
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