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BSC2011
Chapter 19, 27 and 28: viruses, protist, bacteria and archaea
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? | whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes |
| What determines whether two proteins will bind to each other? | They will bind to each other if they have complementary shapes and chemical properties. |
| Which of the following events occurs during the process of transcription? | An RNA is synthesized. |
| The protein shell enclosing the viral genome is called a _________. | Capsid. Depending on the type of virus, the capsid may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape. Capsids are built from a large number of protein subunits called capsomeres. |
| Tobacco mosaic virus has a rigid, rod-shaped capsid made from over molecules of a single type of protein arranged in a helix | rod-shaped viruses are commonly called helical viruses for this reason |
| Adenoviruses | which infect the respiratory tracts of animals, have identical protein molecules arranged in a polyhedral capsid with 20 triangular facets an icosahedron; thus, these and other similarly shaped viruses are referred to as icosahedral viruses |
| The host provides | nucleotides for making viral nucleic acids, as well as enzymes, ribosomes, tRNAs, amino acids, ATP, and other components needed for making the viral proteins |
| A phage replicative cycle that culminates in death of the host cell is known as a ______________. | lytic cycle |
| A phage that replicates only by a lytic cycle is a _________________. | virulent phage |
| The _________________ allows replication of the phage genome without destroying the host. | lysogenic cycle |
| Phages capable of using both modes of replicating within a bacterium are called _____________________. | temperate phages |
| What do a carnivorous dinoflagellate, a parasitic apicomplexan, and a ciliate have in common? | All three have sacs known as alveoli just beneath their plasma membranes. |
| Which example below is a characteristic shared by diplomonads and parabasalids? | Both lack plastids. |
| All of the following are genera of protists that parasitize humans EXCEPT: | Chlamydomonas |
| Which of these groups includes photosynthetic unicellular organisms with flagella and contractile vacuoles? | Euglenids |
| The term mixotroph indicates that a protist __________. | combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
| Protists are best described as which of the following? | Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi |
| Organisms are classified as Excavata based on __________. | morphological studies of the cytoskeleton |
| Which protist group is thought to be most closely related to animals? | Choanoflagellates |
| Which of these groups includes unicellular organisms that, due to the structure of their cell walls, can withstand pressures equal to the pressure under each leg of a table supporting an elephant? | Diatoms |
| Which of the following is not a cellular organelle possessed by a protist? | Sporozoite |
| Which protists were once categorized as fungi due to their multinucleate filaments that resemble hyphae? | Oomycetes |
| The holdfast of brown algae functions in __________. | anchoring the algae |
| Which of these groups includes species that produce a substance that is toxic to humans? | Dinoflagellates |
| Molecular data suggest that plastids originated as __________ engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote. | cyanobacteria |
| Parasites of the genus Trypanosoma evade immune responses through what defense? | Frequently changing their surface proteins |
| What is one way in which a cellular slime mold differs from a plasmodial slime mold? | A cellular slime mold is multicellular. |
| Which of the following is not a structure used for locomotion in protists? | All of the listed structures are used for locomotion in protists. |
| Which of these groups is characterized by cells that have more than one nucleus? | Ciliates |
| Which of the following does not take place during the process of conjugation? | Reproduction |
| Why have protists been "mixed in" with plants, animals, and fungi under the hypothesis that groups eukaryotes into five supergroups? | Many protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to each other and recent evidence makes it clear that the former kingdom Protista was paraphyletic. |
| Which of the following is one of the main weaknesses of the proposed classification scheme in which all eukaryotes are divided into five supergroups? | It shows all five supergroups diverging simultaneously from a common ancestor. |
| Green algae are divided into two main groups, the charophytes and the __________. | chlorophytes |
| Apicomplexans are currently assigned to the chromalveolates because __________. | the apicoplast, a modified plastid, appears to be of red algal origin |
| Which of these groups includes parasitic unicellular organisms with a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues? | Apicomplexans |
| Although controversial, chromalveolates are proposed as a clade whose common ancestor __________. | engulfed a photosynthetic red alga in a secondary endosymbiosis event |
| Which of the following is the best description of protists’ contribution to photosynthesis? | About 30% of the world’s photosynthesis is performed by protists. |
| The term algae refers to __________. | several diverse groups of photosynthetic protists |
| __________ is a protist that causes late blight of potatoes and was responsible for the Irish potato famine of the 19th century. | Phytophthora infestans |
| Which organisms are capable of producing a "red tide"? | Dinoflagellates |
| Which of the following is not a group included in the protists? | All of the listed groups (Ciliates, Brown algae, Diatoms and Forams) are protists. |
| The rRNA gene of A. tumefaciens is most similar to the wheat mitochondrial rRNA gene. What does that suggest? | that the alpha proteobacteria are more closely related to the ancestor of mitochondria than the other bacterial taxa |
| Why has the kingdom Protista been abandoned? | The kingdom Protista is not monophyletic. Some protists are more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists. |
| Which of the following are two groups that are adapted to anaerobic conditions and contain modified mitochondria that lack DNA? | diplomonads and parabasalids |
| What advantage do organisms that reproduce sexually have over organisms that reproduce asexually? | Their offspring may be more adaptable to changes in the environment. |
| Which term describes the fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote? | Fertilization |
| Which term describes the multicellular haploid form of a protist that shows alternation of generations? | Gametophyte |
| Which structure mediates the attachment of spores to a surface on which to grow? | Holdfast |
| Which of the following statements about Ulva's haploid stage is true? | Haploid cells are produced by meiosis of diploid cells. |
| How does the haploid form of Ulva "switch" to its diploid form? | Gametophytes produce cells that undergo mitosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote. |
| True or false? Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce sexually in the diploid stage. | False. Organisms that exhibit alternation of generations reproduce asexually in the diploid stage by producing haploid cells that form spores, which then germinate into haploid adults. The haploid adults produce haploid gametes that can then participate i |
| A sign on the beach states, "Beach Closed. Red Tide." The organisms interfering with your use of this beach are probably _____. | dinoflagellates |
| Many types of foraminiferans form a symbiotic relationship with __________. | algae. Forams derive nourishment from photosynthetic algae living within their shells. |
| Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) _____. | cyanobacterium. Structural and molecular biological evidence supports the idea that endosymbiotic cyanobacteria gave rise to the chloroplasts found in red and green algae and land plants. |
| The cells of _____ and _____ have modified mitochondria. | diplomonads …parabasalids |
| The members of _____ are characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes. | Alveolata |
| Golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, and charophyceans are some examples of protists that are _____. | photosynthetic |
| Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness? | kinetoplastids |
| Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds? | brown algae, red algae, and green algae |
| Stramenopiles include all of the following groups EXCEPT ______. | cellular slime molds |
| Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica? | diatoms |
| Plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria, is a _____. | apicomplexan |
| A paramecium is a(n) _____. | ciliate |
| The largest seaweeds are _____. | brown algae |
| All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia. | ciliates |
| Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella? | Stramenopila |
| Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water? | red algae |
| Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for late potato blight? | oomycetes |
| Which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plants in structure and pigment makeup? | chlorophytes |
| Which of the following is a correct statement about slime molds? | Cellular slime molds form masses when food is scarce, but their cells remain separated. |
| _____ are eukaryotic autotrophs that float near the surface of water and are the basis of the food chain. | Phytoplankton |
| Coral bleaching, which causes high coral mortality, has been occurring widely in coral reefs. Coral bleaching actually refers to the death of symbiotic dinoflagellates living within the corals. Why does coral bleaching cause the corals to die? | Dinoflagellates provide nutrients from the products of photosynthesis to the corals in exchange for a safe place to live. |
| What is the function of fimbriae? | They are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes. |
| What is the difference between an F+ donor and an Hfr donor? | The Hfr donor has an F factor integrated into its main chromosome, but the F+ donor does not. |
| What usually happens to the recipient cell following conjugation with an Hfr cell? | The recipient cell remains an F- cell. |
| Which of the following typically produces a recombinant F+ recipient cell? | conjugation between an F+ cell and an F- cell |
| Which of the following could cause DNA from the main chromosome of a donor cell to be incorporated into the main chromosome of the recipient cell? | conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F- cell |
| Suppose conjugation occurs between an Hfr cell and an F- cell. Although not typical, what would have to occur for the recipient cell to become an Hfr cell? | The entire F factor would have to be incorporated into the recipient cell’s chromosome. |
| Binary fission is a form of _____________ because a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring. | asexual reproduction |
| During binary fission, DNA replication begins at the ___________ and continues all the way around the circular chromosome. | origin of replication |
| When DNA replication is complete and the bacterium has reached twice its original size, the ______________ grows inward, dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells. | plasma membrane |
| In theory, the two daughter cells are ______________ each other and the parent cell. | genetically identical to |
| However, mistakes made during DNA replication sometimes result in ____________, changes to the nucleotide sequence of DNA. | mutation |
| The rapid reproduction and large population sizes of many bacterial populations mean that even a small mutation rate can lead to considerable _______________. | genetic variation |
| F+ cell | Carries the F factor in a plasmid may donate a plasmid to another cell |
| Hfr cell | carries the F factor in its circular chromosome may donate genes from its chromosome to another cell |
| F- cell | may become F+ after conjugation with an F+ cell may receive genetic material, but cannot donate genetic material may become recombinant after conjugation with an Hfr cell |
| Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria ar | chemoautotrophs |
| Which statement is true about obligate anaerobes? | They are poisoned by O2. |
| The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____. | cyanobacteria |
| The prokaryotic cells that were the first to add significant quantities of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere are classified as _____. | cyanobacteria |
| Streptococcus pyogenes is classified with _____. | gram-positive bacteria |
| Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____. | chlamydias |
| The chemoheterotroph Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped bacterium classified with _____. | proteobacteria |
| Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____. | spirochetes |
| According to this phylogenetic tree, which of these pairs of prokaryotic subgroups share the most recent common ancestor? | Euryarchaeota ... Crenarchaeota |
| Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis? | Prokarya |
| What characteristics were used to classify organisms before Woese's tree of life analysis? | Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus |
| True or false? Data showing that the Bacteria were the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms suggest that the Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to the Bacteria. | True |
| Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is true? | A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants. |
| Which molecule did Carl Woese study to produce his tree of life? | Ribosomal RNA |
| What is lateral gene transfer? | Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage. |
| The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____. | halophiles |
| An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____. | symbiotic |
| Which statement about endotoxins is true? | Endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down. |
| Bioremediation is _____. | the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment |
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