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Chapter 7 Part 1
Honors Biology Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | the basic unit of life; the structural organization of chemical compounds and metabolic activity that exhibits life processes |
| Leeuwenhoek | father of microscopy; observed microorganisms in drinking water that he called animalcules |
| Hooke | examined the cork and coined the term cells |
| Schleiden | a botanist that discovered that all plants are made up of cells |
| Schwann | a zoologist that discovered that all animals are made up of cells |
| Pasteur | discovered that living things come from other living things |
| Cell Theory | all living things are made up of cells, all metabolic processes of organisms are performed by their cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Prokaryote | means "before nucleus"; no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles |
| Eukaryote | means "true nucleus"; has membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus |
| Micrometer | the system of measurement for cells; aka microns; 1/1,000,000 meters |
| Cytosol | the liquid part of the cytoplasm |
| Organelle | little organs; the organization of chemical activity into cellular structures having specialized functions |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | a membrane that's flexible and is made up of many different materials |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | two non-water soluble barriers |
| Cholestorol | glycerol molecules in phospholipid bilayers that help maintain its fluidity and patch the material temporarily |
| Glycoproteins (Glycocalyx) | a combination of proteins and carbohydrates that can act as binding sites when energy is required to attach to other substance, lubricate the surface, and provide adhesion |
| Compartmentalization | to separate the cell from the external environment and to separate organelles from cytosol |
| Selectively Permeable | to keep some materials out while letting other materials in and choose what direction the materials go |
| Homeostasis | when cells maintain a stable internal environment despite changes to their external environment |
| Brownian Movement | random molecular movement where the molecules bounce off of each other |
| Diffusion | the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration |
| Concentration Gradient | the difference between high concentration and low concentration |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water (the solvent) through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Isotonic | osmotic environment where there is equal concentration of water/solutes inside the cell as there is outside the cell |
| Hypotonic | osmotic environment where there is greater concentration of water outside the cell that there is inside the cell |
| Osmotic Pressure | pressure created by diffusion of water through the membrane |
| Turgid | stiff |
| Turgor Pressure | pressure inside the cell that is pushing out on the cell membrane due to the accumulation of water |
| Contractile Vacuole | an organelle in unicellular organisms that squeezes and releases excess water inside the cell |
| Cytolysis | cell destruction/bursting |
| Hypertonic | osmotic environment where there is lesser concentration of water outside the cell than inside |
| Plasmolysis | destruction of the cytoplasm |
| Endocytosis | movement of materials into the cell |
| Exocytosis | movement of materials out of the cell |
| Passive Transport | no energy is used by the cell |
| Dialysis | diffusion of a solute across a membrane |
| Facilitated Diffusion | solute passes through a membrane aided by a transport protein down a concentration gradient |
| Active Transport | cells use energy to move materials across the cell membrane |
| Pinocytosis | cells drinking |
| Invagination | cell brings in small amounts of extracellular fluid (and solutes dissolved in it) by folding in the membtrane |
| Phagocytosis | extensions of cell membrane enveloping the food particle, pulling it into the cytosol |
| Pseudopod | false feet; extensions of the cell membrane |
| Mediated Transport | bonding occurs between "pump" protein and molecule being transported, binding requires energy" so it can move materials against the concentration gradient |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | incoming molecule binds to "selective" receptors on membrane, then the membrane invaginates |
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