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Meiosis & Sexual R.

1. Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis. Mitosis created a human cell with
2.Sexual reproduction combines ________ from two parents through the process of ______. Fertilization, Gametes
3.Crossing over and independent assortment are two processes that occur in __________ that lead to __________ ___________. Meiosis, Genetic diversity
4.What is the purpose of genetic recombination? Creates genetic diversity at the level of genes that reflects differences in the DNA sequences of different organisms
5.What is happening during each step of meiosis I and meiosis II? List and describe. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
6.What is the difference between the result of sexual reproduction and the result of asexual reproduction? a. generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent....s. two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring
7.Why is reduction of chromosomes necessary in meiosis? type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces 4 gametes cells.
8.What types of organisms produce gametes, and what types produce spores? fungi, algae
9.List and define the three life cycles of sexually reproducing organisms. Haplontic dominant, diplontic dominant, alternation of generations
10.How does sexual reproduction differ between animals, fungi, algae, and plants? A plant embryo is contained within a seed, which provides the nutrients it needs to grow, while an animal embryo develops within an egg.
11.What occurs during interphase in Meiosis? G1 growth, S replication, G2 preparation for division
12.List and describe what occurs at each stage of meiosis I and then at each stage of meiosis II.
13.Meiosis usually produces ________ daughter cells. 4 haploid
14.What structure is most important in forming the tetrads? Chiamsma
15.At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other? Anaphase 2
16. At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structures? Synapses
17.Which of the following is not true in regard to crossover? a. Spindle microtubules guide the transfer of DNA across the synaptonemal complex. b. Nonsister chromatids exchange genetic material. c. Chiasmata are formed. d. Recombination nodules mark the crossover point.
18.The part of meiosis that is similar to mitosis is ________. meiosis ii( making two new cells)
19.If a muscle cell of a typical organism has 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be in a gamete of that same organism? 16
20.What is a likely evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? a. Sexual reproduction involves fewer steps. b. There is a lower chance of using up the resources in a given environment. C. Sexual reproduction results in variation in the offspring. d. Sexual reproduction is more cost-effective.
21.Which type of life cycle has both a haploid and diploid multicellular stage? a. asexual life cycles b. most animal life cycles c. most fungal life cycles D. ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
22. Hydras and jellyfish both live in a freshwater lake that is slowly being acidified by the runoff from a chemical plant built upstream. Which population is predicted to be better able to cope with the changing environment? a. Jellyfish B. Hydra c. The populations will be equally able to cope. d. Both populations will die.
23. Many farmers are worried about the decreasing genetic diversity of plants associated with generations of artificial selection and inbreeding. Why is limiting random sexual reproduction of food crops concerning? a.Mutations during asexual reproduction decrease plant fitness. b.Consumers do not trust identical-appearing produce. C.Larger portions of the plant populations are susceptible to the same diseases d. Spores are not viable in an agricultural setting.
24. Describe the process that results in the formation of a tetrad. crossing over
25. In a comparison of the stages of meiosis to the stages of mitosis, which stages are unique to meiosis and which stages have the same events in both meiosis and mitosis? a.Mutations during asexual reproduction decrease plant fitness. b.Consumers do not trust identical-appearing produce. c.Larger portions of the plant populations are susceptible to the same diseases d. Spores are not viable in an agricultural setting.
26. What is the function of the fused kinetochore found on sister chromatids in prometaphase I? ensures each spindle micro tubule that binds to the tetrad will attach to bother sister chromatin
27. Def alternation of generations life-cycle type in which the diploid and haploid stages alternate
28. Def of chiasmata the structure that forms at the crossover points after genetic material is exchanged
29. Def of cohesin proteins that form a complex that seals sister chromatids together at their centromeres until anaphase II of meiosis
30. Def of Crossover exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids resulting in chromosomes that incorporate genes from both parents of the organism
31. Def of fertilization union of two haploid cells from two individual organisms
32. Def of gametophyte a multicellular haploid life-cycle stage that produces gametes
33. Def germ cells specialized cell line that produces gametes, such as eggs or sperm
34. Def of meiosis a nuclear division process that results in four haploid cells
35. Def meiosis I first round of meiotic cell division; referred to as reduction division because the ploidy level is reduced from diploid to haploiddiffercne
36. Def of meiosis II a nuclear division process that results in four haploid cells
37. Def of recombination nodules first round of meiotic cell division; referred to as reduction division because the ploidy level is reduced from diploid to haploid
38. Def of reduction division second round of meiotic cell division following meiosis I; sister chromatids are separated into individual chromosomes, and the result is four unique haploid cells
39. Def of somatic cell protein assemblies formed on the synaptonemal complex that mark the points of crossover events and mediate the multistep process of genetic recombination between nonsister chromatids of a homologous pair
40. Def of spore nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei each having one-half as many chromosome sets as the parental nucleus; meiosis I is a reduction division
41. Def of sporophyte all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells
42. Def of synapsis : the pairing of homologous chromosomes that occurs in prophase of the first meiotic division and during which crossing-over may occur.
43. Def of synaptonemal complex a protein lattice that resembles railroad tracks and connects paired homologous chromosomes in most meiotic systems.
44. Def of tetrad A four-part structure that forms during prophase I of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two identical chromatids.
45. Def of reduction division all the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive cells
46. Def of sister chromatids mediates physical pairing of duplicated chromosomes
47. Def of homologous chromosomes Two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father.
48. Def of random assembly of homologous chromosomes the way chromosomes organize themselves into daughter gamete cells
49. Def of gametes organism's reproductive cells.
50. Def of karyotype individual's complete set of chromosomes.
51. Def of gonads glands that produce hormones that are involved in reproduction and other functions of the body.
52. Def of germ cells gametes
53. Def of genetic recombination exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome.
54. Def of gentic varation presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species.
55. Def methods of increasing genetic diversity a way for populations to adapt to changing environments
56. Def of haploid cells contain only one set of Chromosomes
57. Def of diploid the name indicates, contains two sets of chromosomes
58. Def of ploidy the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or organism.
59. Def of interkinesis brief period of rest between meiosis I and meiosis II
60. Def of life cycle the sequence of events in the development of an organism and the production of cells that produce offspring
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