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Chapter 6 Part 2
Honors Biology Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Protein Synthesis | the process of making proteins |
| RNA-Transcription | copying DNA into RNA |
| RNA-polymerase | unzips the DNA and builds new RNA molecules in a 5' to 3' direction |
| Template Strand | the strand of DNA that RNA-polymerase reads |
| Promoter | a special sequence of letters upstream of the gene that tells RNA-polymerase to read that gene and points it in the right direction along the DNA molecule |
| Upstream | section of DNA before the gene to be transcribed; sign is - |
| Downstream | section of DNA being transcribed; sign is + |
| Consensus Sequence | most commonly used sequence of bases in a promoter; TATAAT |
| Strong Promoter vs Weak Promoter | strong promoters match the consensus closely and are transcribed often while weak promoters have variations in the consensus sequence and are transcribed less often or not at all |
| Termination Loop | a sequence of self-complementary bases that fold up, knocking the RNA-polymerase off of the DNA molecule, ending the transcription |
| Nuclear RNA | a rough draft of RNA that stays in the nucleus to be further refined |
| Editing | a series of steps that modifies nRNA into functional mRNA |
| Splicesome | an enzyme complex that removes introns from exons |
| Intron | junk or interrupting segments |
| Exon | good or expressed segments |
| CAP | attached to the leading end of the RNA molecule; provides an attraction point for ribosome and protects mRNA from enzymes in the cytoplasm |
| Poly-A Tail | attached to the trailing end of the RNA molecule; feeds nucleases to give mRNA time to be read and make proteins |
| Nuclease | enzymes in the cytoplasm that feed on nucleotides |
| Ribosomes | the site of protein synthesis |
| Translation | when tRNA (with help from the ribosome) reads the genetic code contained in the mRNA and translates the code and inserts the correct amino acid |
| Triplets | every three letters in DNA |
| Codons | every three letters in mRNA |
| Anticodons | every three letters in tRNA that is opposite of mRNA |
| Initiation | ribosome assembly |
| A-Site | accepts the new, incoming tRNA with its amino acid |
| P-Site | where the growing polypeptide is parked |
| E-Site | where the free tRNA "exits" the ribosome to go and pick up new amino acids |
| Elongation | building the growing polypeptide |
| Termination | ending translation |
| Polysome/Polyribosome | when many ribosomes can attach to and read the same mRNA at the same time |
| Initiator Codon | starter codon; methionine |
| Terminator Codons | ends translation of mRNA by separating large and small subunits of the ribosome |
| Redundant Codes | many amino acids have more than one codon |
| Universal Code | the same triplet sequence is used by all living organisms |
| Recombinant Biotechnology | transplanting genes among unrelated organisms |
| Nucleolus | area in the cell's nucleus where the transcription of rRNA genes are found |
| Gene | a segment of DNA that transcribes into a segment of RNA |
| Mutation | a sudden change in genetic makeup |
| Point Mutation | a change in the base sequence of a DNA molecule |
| Mutagens | materials that cause mutations |
| Gene Expression | when a gene is transcribed |
| Gene Regulation | controls the expression of a gene |
| Jacob-Monod Hypothesis | studied the induction of the enzyme, lactase, in bacterial cells in the presence of lactose |
| Operon | an operating unit of DNA that codes for a specific mRNA and is made up of a promoter, a structural gene, and an operator |
| Operator | binding site for a repressor |
| Structural Gene | the segment that codes for the RNA molecule |
| Regulatory Gene | codes for mRNA that produces a repressor that binds to the operator |
| Repressor | prevents the structural gene from being read |
| Gene Activation | turning a gene on |
| Inducer | binds to the repressor, alters its shape so that it can't bind to the operator |
| Histones | proteins that wrap around DNA |
Created by:
Akosssua
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