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blood sugar
Regulation of blood sugar
| Question | Answer | |
|---|---|---|
| what is blood sugar | glucose in blood Glucose needed for energy (cellular respiration) Glucose + oxygen → CO2 + H2O + energy Comes from food - carbohydrates After a meal blood glucose levels increase | Glucose must be maintained to avoid serious health issues Hyperglycaemia (diabetes) Hypoglycaemia Gestational diabetes Normal blood glucose is about 4-6 mmol/L |
| wha is glycogen | Excess glucose is stored for later use (glycogen) in the liver and muscle cells Pancreas and adrenal glands help by secreting hormones | |
| Role of the liver | Glucose (blood sugar high) → glycogen Glycogen (blood sugar low eg sport) → glucose | Blood comes to the liver direct from the stomach, small & large intestine, spleen and pancreas Glucose in blood after meal goes to liver |
| Heptic portal vein what happens to glucose in the body | Brings glucose rich blood into the liver Liver uses glucose to supply liver cells with energy Liver converts to glycogen for storage (short term) | Sent to muscles to be converted to glycogen for storage Remains in blood to go to body cells Covert to fat for long term storage |
| Storage & retrieval of glucose | 500g in body = 100g in liver + 400g in muscles | Glycogenesis = glucose → glycogen (stored) Insulin from pancreas Glycogenolysis = glycogen → glucose (used) Glucagon from pancreas |
| glycogenesis | formation of glycogen from other carbohydrates especially glucose | genesis - origin or creation |
| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose | lysis - loosing or breakdown |
| gluconeogenesis | conversion of fats or proteins into glucose | neo - new |
| Role of pancreas | Secretes two hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose Insulin -secrete when blood glucose glucose up Glucagon - secrete when blood glucose down | Islets of langerhans have two types of cells that secrete these 2 hormone Beta cells - insulin Alpha cells - glucagon |
| islets of langerhans +++ | ||
| insulin | Beta cells (islets of langerhans - in pancreas) Decrease blood glucose | glycogenesis - enables entry of glucose into cell - promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver & muscle |
| Glucagon | Alpha cells (islets of langerhans - in pancreas) Increase blood glucose | promotes glycogenolysis converts liver glycogeen to glucose |
| Role of adrenal glands | Cortex secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol) Medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline Both help to increase blood glucose levels when they are low | |
| Adrenal Cortex (outside) | Secretes cortisol Stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior lobe of pituitary gland (hypothalamus) | glucogenolysis gluconeogenolysis |
| Adrenal medulla (middle) | Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline Stimulated by sympathetic nerves of autonomic nervous system | stimulate breakdown of glycogen in liver and release of glucose into blood glucogenolysis |
| what organs work together and why | liver pancreas and adrenal glands | work together to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels |
Created by:
wegonebefine
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